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Etik İkilemi Keşfetmek: Çevrimiçi Siyasal Reklam Kampanyalarında İfade Özgürlüğü ve Etik Standartların Dengelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 112 - 120, 31.08.2024

Abstract

Dijital çağda, çevrimiçi platformların siyasi söylemler için çok önemli alanlar haline gelmesiyle birlikte siyasal reklamcılık alanı önemli bir dönüşüm geçirmiştir. Bu dönüşüm, ifade özgürlüğü ile etik standartlar arasındaki hassas dengeyi zorlayan sayısız etik ikilemi ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Çevrimiçi siyasal reklam kampanyalarında etik ve ifade özgürlüğünün iç içe geçmesi, ikna ve manipülasyon arasındaki ince çizgi, dijital reklamlarda şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik eksikliği ve yanlış bilgilendirmenin kamuoyu üzerindeki zararlı etkisi ile karmaşık ve çok yönlü bir zorluk teşkil etmektedir. Çevrimiçi siyasal reklamcılıkta ifade özgürlüğü ilkesi temel olmakla birlikte, bu özgürlüğün kamu yararını gözeten tedbirlerle uyumlu hale getirilmesi acil bir ihtiyaçtır. Bu çalışma, çevrimiçi siyasal reklamcılıkta ortaya çıkan etik hususları incelemekte, ifade özgürlüğü ile etik standartları dengelemenin zorluklarını ortaya koymakta ve yanlış bilgilendirmenin kamuoyu üzerindeki etkisini çok yönlü olarak ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, dijital reklamlarda şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirliğin önemini vurgulamakta ve teknolojinin hızla ilerlediği bir ortamda sınır ötesi çevrimiçi siyasal reklamcılığın düzenlenmesinde karşılaşılan engelleri ele almaktadır. Çalışma bu kritik konulara ışık tutarak, çevrimiçi siyasal reklam kampanyalarının doğasında var olan etik karmaşıklıkların nasıl aşılabileceğine dair süregelen tartışmalara katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

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  • Aspray, W., & Doty, P. (2023). Does technology really outpace policy, and does it matter? A primer for technical experts and others. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74(8), 885-904.
  • Barrett-Maitland, N., & Lynch, J. (2020). Social media, ethics and the privacy paradox. (Ed. Christos Kalloniatis, Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez), Security and privacy from a legal, ethical, and technical perspective, 49-62.
  • Bauer, J. M. (2022). Ask the expert: How do misinformation and disinformation influence elections?. https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2022/how-misinformation-and-disinformation-influence-elections adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • BBB National Programs (2024). https://bbbprograms.org adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Bekele, S. (2023). The role of transparency and accountability in digital transformation. https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/industry-news/2023/the-role-of-transparency-and-accountability-in-digital-transformation adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Brennen, J. S. B. (2022). U.S. Regulation Governing Digital Political Ads Is Broken. https://www.techpolicy.press/u-s-regulation-governing-digital-political-ads-is-broken/ adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. 
  • Chap, B. (2023). Stirring the pot: How advertisers can spice up accountability and transparency with media agencies. https://www.adexchanger.com/data-driven-thinking/stirring-the-pot-how-advertisers-can-spice-up-accountability-and-transparency-with-media-agencies/ adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Dobber, T., Kruikemeier, S., Helberger, N., & Goodman, E. (2023). Shielding citizens? Understanding the impact of political advertisement transparency information. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231157640
  • Dommett, K., & Zhu, J. (2023). What is an online political advert? An interrogation of conceptual challenges in the formation of digital policy response. Policy & Internet, 15(4), 713-730.
  • Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Digital Advertising: A KFC Case Study on Blockchain Implementation. (2024). https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/enhancing-transparency-accountability-digital-advertising-mm3nf adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • European Parliament. (2024). Why new EU rules for political advertising are important. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230202STO71504/why-new-eu-rules-for-political-advertising-are-important adresinden Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Freedom of Speech. (2024). https://www.principlesofdemocracy.org/speech-dem adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Gamreklidze, E. (2015). Freedom of speech in US supreme court justices’ opinions: Political speech protection as applied by the Roberts Court. First Amendment Studies, 49(1), 44-66.
  • Gordon, B. R., Lovett, M. J., Luo, B., & Reeder III, J. C. (2023). Disentangling the effects of ad tone on voter turnout and candidate choice in presidential elections. Management Science, 69(1), 220-243.
  • Greves, K. (2023). Ethics in political advertising: Drawing the line. https://www.digivid360.com/blog/marketing/ethics-in-political-advertising-drawing-the-line adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Harker, M. (2020). Political advertising revisited: digital campaigning and protecting democratic discourse. Legal Studies, 40(1), 151-171.
  • Helberger, N., Dobber, T., & Vreese, C. (2021). Towards unfair political practices law: learning lessons from the regulation of unfair commercial practices for online political advertising. Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law, 12(3), 273-296.
  • Hook, K., & Verdeja, E. (2022). Social media misinformation and the prevention of political instability and mass atrocities. https://www.stimson.org/2022/social-media-misinformation-and-the-prevention-of-political-instability-and-mass-atrocities/ adresinden 23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Howey, N. (2023). The democratic dilemma of AI: Navigating ethical challenges for Political and advocacy campaigns. https://www.tectonica.co/posts/ai_ethics adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Ingis, S. P., Signorelli, M. A. & Hartwell, R. L. (2023). Best practices for the application of the DAA self-regulatory principles of transparency and control to connected devices. Digital Advertising Alliance.
  • Jones, K. (2021). Protecting political discourse from online manipulation: The international human rights law framework. European Human Rights Law Review, 1, 68-79.
  • Kadri, T. E. (2019). The legal implications of synthetic and manipulated media. Popular Media. 316.
  • Lai, S. (2022). Data misuse and disinformation: Technology and the 2022 elections. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4140957/data-misuse-and-disinformation/4949574 adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Minowitz, P. (2019). Dilemmas about political ads on social media. https://www.scu.edu/ethics-spotlight/social-media-and-democracy/dilemmas-about-political-ads-on-social-/ adresinden 17 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • North Carolina State Board of Elections (NCSBE) (2024). Mis- and disinformation. https://www.ncsbe.gov/about-elections/election-security/combating-misinformation adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Moreau, P. (2024). Navigating ethical considerations in organizational change. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/navigating-ethical-considerations-organizational-dr-phyllis-fi8qe?trk=public_post adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Online Targeting: Final report and Recommendations (2020). Centre for data ethics and innovation. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cdei-review-of-online-targeting/online-targeting-final-report-and-recommendations adresinden 23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Sanchez, G. R., Middlemass, K., & Rodriguez, A. (2022). Misinformation is eroding the publics confidence in democracy. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4141037/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy/4949774 adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Schultz, D. (2024). Regulation of political campaigns, Free Speech Center, at Middle Tennessee State Univerity. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/regulation-of-political-campaigns adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Strossen, N. (2021). The paradox of free speech in the digital world: First amendment friendly proposals for promoting user agency. Washburn Law Journal, 61, 1-45.
  • The Fine Line Between Persuasive and Manipulative Content in Marketing m(2023). https://www.mtrmarketing.com/blog/the-fine-line-between-persuasive-and-manipulative-content-in-marketing adresinden 23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • The Importance of Transparency in Digital Advertising (2024). https://blog.emb.global/transparency-in-digital-advertising/ adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • United States Courts, What Does Free Speech Mean? (2024). https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does adresinden 17 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Ward, S. J. (2013). Digital media ethics. Center for journalism ethichs, University of Winsconsin-Madison, https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/resources/digital-media-ethics/ adresinden 17 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Zadrozny, B. (2024). Disinformation poses an unprecedented threat in 2024 and the U.S. is less ready than ever, NBC NEWS. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/disinformation-unprecedented-threat-2024-election-rcna134290 adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Zhu, J., & Dommett, K. (2022). Three reasons why online political advertising remains largely unregulated in the UK. British Politics and Policy at LSE.

Exploring The Ethical Dilemma: Balanced Freedom of Expression and Ethical Standards in Online Political Advertising Campaigns

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 112 - 120, 31.08.2024

Abstract

In the digital age, the field of political advertising has significantly transformed, with online platforms becoming crucial for political discourse. This shift presents numerous ethical dilemmas that challenge the balance between freedom of expression and ethical standards. The intersection of ethics and freedom in online political advertising campaigns involves complex issues, such as the fine line between persuasion and manipulation, the lack of transparency and accountability, and the damaging effects of misinformation on public opinion. While freedom of expression is fundamental in online political advertising, it must be balanced with measures that serve the public interest. This study explores the ethical issues in online political advertising, examining the challenges of aligning freedom of expression with ethical standards and the impact of misinformation on public opinion. It underscores the need for transparency and accountability in digital advertising and addresses the challenges of regulating cross-border online political advertising amid rapid technological advancements. By addressing these critical issues, the study aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on navigating the ethical complexities of online political advertising campaigns.

References

  • Actions for Transparent and Accountable Digital Governance (2024). https://www.opengovpartnership.org/actions-for-transparent-and-accountable-digital-governance adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Andrew, R. (2023). The importance of transparency in digital marketing. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-transparency-digital-marketing-andrew-roche-otmfc adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Aspray, W., & Doty, P. (2023). Does technology really outpace policy, and does it matter? A primer for technical experts and others. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74(8), 885-904.
  • Barrett-Maitland, N., & Lynch, J. (2020). Social media, ethics and the privacy paradox. (Ed. Christos Kalloniatis, Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez), Security and privacy from a legal, ethical, and technical perspective, 49-62.
  • Bauer, J. M. (2022). Ask the expert: How do misinformation and disinformation influence elections?. https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2022/how-misinformation-and-disinformation-influence-elections adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • BBB National Programs (2024). https://bbbprograms.org adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Bekele, S. (2023). The role of transparency and accountability in digital transformation. https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/industry-news/2023/the-role-of-transparency-and-accountability-in-digital-transformation adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Brennen, J. S. B. (2022). U.S. Regulation Governing Digital Political Ads Is Broken. https://www.techpolicy.press/u-s-regulation-governing-digital-political-ads-is-broken/ adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. 
  • Chap, B. (2023). Stirring the pot: How advertisers can spice up accountability and transparency with media agencies. https://www.adexchanger.com/data-driven-thinking/stirring-the-pot-how-advertisers-can-spice-up-accountability-and-transparency-with-media-agencies/ adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Dobber, T., Kruikemeier, S., Helberger, N., & Goodman, E. (2023). Shielding citizens? Understanding the impact of political advertisement transparency information. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231157640
  • Dommett, K., & Zhu, J. (2023). What is an online political advert? An interrogation of conceptual challenges in the formation of digital policy response. Policy & Internet, 15(4), 713-730.
  • Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Digital Advertising: A KFC Case Study on Blockchain Implementation. (2024). https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/enhancing-transparency-accountability-digital-advertising-mm3nf adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • European Parliament. (2024). Why new EU rules for political advertising are important. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230202STO71504/why-new-eu-rules-for-political-advertising-are-important adresinden Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Freedom of Speech. (2024). https://www.principlesofdemocracy.org/speech-dem adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Gamreklidze, E. (2015). Freedom of speech in US supreme court justices’ opinions: Political speech protection as applied by the Roberts Court. First Amendment Studies, 49(1), 44-66.
  • Gordon, B. R., Lovett, M. J., Luo, B., & Reeder III, J. C. (2023). Disentangling the effects of ad tone on voter turnout and candidate choice in presidential elections. Management Science, 69(1), 220-243.
  • Greves, K. (2023). Ethics in political advertising: Drawing the line. https://www.digivid360.com/blog/marketing/ethics-in-political-advertising-drawing-the-line adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Harker, M. (2020). Political advertising revisited: digital campaigning and protecting democratic discourse. Legal Studies, 40(1), 151-171.
  • Helberger, N., Dobber, T., & Vreese, C. (2021). Towards unfair political practices law: learning lessons from the regulation of unfair commercial practices for online political advertising. Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law, 12(3), 273-296.
  • Hook, K., & Verdeja, E. (2022). Social media misinformation and the prevention of political instability and mass atrocities. https://www.stimson.org/2022/social-media-misinformation-and-the-prevention-of-political-instability-and-mass-atrocities/ adresinden 23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Howey, N. (2023). The democratic dilemma of AI: Navigating ethical challenges for Political and advocacy campaigns. https://www.tectonica.co/posts/ai_ethics adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Ingis, S. P., Signorelli, M. A. & Hartwell, R. L. (2023). Best practices for the application of the DAA self-regulatory principles of transparency and control to connected devices. Digital Advertising Alliance.
  • Jones, K. (2021). Protecting political discourse from online manipulation: The international human rights law framework. European Human Rights Law Review, 1, 68-79.
  • Kadri, T. E. (2019). The legal implications of synthetic and manipulated media. Popular Media. 316.
  • Lai, S. (2022). Data misuse and disinformation: Technology and the 2022 elections. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4140957/data-misuse-and-disinformation/4949574 adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Minowitz, P. (2019). Dilemmas about political ads on social media. https://www.scu.edu/ethics-spotlight/social-media-and-democracy/dilemmas-about-political-ads-on-social-/ adresinden 17 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • North Carolina State Board of Elections (NCSBE) (2024). Mis- and disinformation. https://www.ncsbe.gov/about-elections/election-security/combating-misinformation adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Moreau, P. (2024). Navigating ethical considerations in organizational change. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/navigating-ethical-considerations-organizational-dr-phyllis-fi8qe?trk=public_post adresinden 16 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Online Targeting: Final report and Recommendations (2020). Centre for data ethics and innovation. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cdei-review-of-online-targeting/online-targeting-final-report-and-recommendations adresinden 23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Sanchez, G. R., Middlemass, K., & Rodriguez, A. (2022). Misinformation is eroding the publics confidence in democracy. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4141037/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy/4949774 adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Schultz, D. (2024). Regulation of political campaigns, Free Speech Center, at Middle Tennessee State Univerity. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/regulation-of-political-campaigns adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Strossen, N. (2021). The paradox of free speech in the digital world: First amendment friendly proposals for promoting user agency. Washburn Law Journal, 61, 1-45.
  • The Fine Line Between Persuasive and Manipulative Content in Marketing m(2023). https://www.mtrmarketing.com/blog/the-fine-line-between-persuasive-and-manipulative-content-in-marketing adresinden 23 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • The Importance of Transparency in Digital Advertising (2024). https://blog.emb.global/transparency-in-digital-advertising/ adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • United States Courts, What Does Free Speech Mean? (2024). https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does adresinden 17 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Ward, S. J. (2013). Digital media ethics. Center for journalism ethichs, University of Winsconsin-Madison, https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/resources/digital-media-ethics/ adresinden 17 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Zadrozny, B. (2024). Disinformation poses an unprecedented threat in 2024 and the U.S. is less ready than ever, NBC NEWS. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/disinformation-unprecedented-threat-2024-election-rcna134290 adresinden 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Zhu, J., & Dommett, K. (2022). Three reasons why online political advertising remains largely unregulated in the UK. British Politics and Policy at LSE.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communications and Media Policy, Advertisement
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Mehmet Erhan Summak 0000-0002-1678-0609

Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date May 31, 2024
Acceptance Date August 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 29 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Summak, M. E. (2024). Etik İkilemi Keşfetmek: Çevrimiçi Siyasal Reklam Kampanyalarında İfade Özgürlüğü ve Etik Standartların Dengelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(2), 112-120.