Aralıklı Açlık Diyetlerinin Ağırlık Denetimi ve Sağlık Çıktıları Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2019, , 177 - 183, 16.06.2019

Şerife Akpınar

https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.494428

Cited By: 1

Öz

Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte
olan ülkelerde bireyler günlük enerji alımları için genellikle üç öğün beslenme
modelini kullanmaktadır. Alınan enerjinin fazla olması ve sedanter yaşamın
birlikteliği obeziteye ve beraberinde getirdiği kronik hastalıklara zemin
hazırlamaktadır. Obezite zemin hazırladığı komplikasyonlar ile sağlık
maliyetini de arttıran bir faktör olarak gösterilmektedir. Obezitenin tedavisi
için yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir ve bu yaklaşımlardan biri de aralıklı
açlık diyetleridir. Aralıklı açlık diyetleri dönüşümlü açlık, zaman kısıtlı
beslenme ve dini orucu kapsamaktadır. Uygulanan aralıklı açlık modeline göre
sağlık çıktıları farklılık göstermektedir. Bu derlemede aralıklı açlık diyetleri
ile vücut ağırlığı denetimi ve sağlık çıktıları üzerindeki etkisi sunulmuştur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aralıklı açlık, dönüşümlü açlık

Kaynakça

• 1. Bahia L, Coutinho ES, Barufaldi LA, Abreu Gde A, Malhão TA, De Souza CP, et al. The costs of overweight and obesity-related diseases in the Brazilian public health system: cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:440. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-440.
• 2. World Health Organization(Internet). Overweight and obesity factsheet. Updated 2018 Feb 16. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
• 3. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Obesity: identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in children, young people and adults. 2014; CG189, ISBN: 978-1-4731-0854-7.
• 4. Haire-Joshu D, Klein S. Is primary care practice equipped to deal with obesity? Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(4): 313–5. Doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.3.
• 5. Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab 2014;19(2):181-92. Doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008.
• 6. Calixto A. Life without food and the implications for neurodegeneration. Adv Genet 2015;92:53-74. Doi: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.09.004.
• 7. Brandhorst S, Choi IY, Wei M, Cheng CW, Sedrakyan S, Navarrete G, et al. A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab 2015; 22(1):86-99. Doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012.
• 8. Johnstone A. Fasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend?, Int J Obes (Lond) 2015;39(5): 727–33. Doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.214.
• 9. Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M, Schindler K, Busetto L, Micic D, et al. Obesity management task force of the european association for the study of obesity. European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts 2015; 8(6):402–24. Doi: 10.1159/000442721.
• 10. Johnson JB, Summer W, Cutler RG, Martin B, Hyun DH, Dixit VD, et al. Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42(5):665-74. Doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.005.
• 11. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, et al. The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. Int. J. Obes. (Lond) 2011; 35(5):714-27. Doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.171.
• 12. Wan R, Ahmet I, Brown M, Cheng A, Kamimura N, Talan M et al. Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. J. Nutr. Biochem 2010; 21(5):413-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.020.
• 13. Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A. Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. Psychiatry Res 2013;209(3):253–8. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018.
• 14. Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v: Daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br. J. Nutr 2013;110(8):1534–47. Doi: 10.1017/S0007114513000792.
• 15. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metabolism. 2013;62(1):137–43. Doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002.
• 16. Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity 2013;21(7):1370–9. Doi: 10.1002/oby.20353.
• 17. St Onge MP, Ard J, Baskin ML, Chiuve SE, Johnson HM, KrisEtherton P, et al. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017; 135(9):e96-e121. Doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000476.
• 18. Varady KA, Hellerstein MK. Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease prevention: a review of human and animal trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86(1):7-13. Doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.1.7
• 19. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK., Reynolds MA, Freeman JR, Cider NL. Effects of intermittent feeding upon growth and life span in rats. Gerontology 1982;28(4):233-41. Doi: 10.1159/000212538
• 20. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK, Reynolds MA, Freeman JR, Cider NL. Differential effects of intermittent feeding and voluntary exercise on body weight and lifespan in adult rats. J. Gerontol. 1983; 38(1):36-45.
• 21. Singh R, Manchanda S, Kaur T, Kumar S, Lakhanpal D, Lakhman SS, et al. Middle age onset short-term intermittent fasting dietary restriction prevents brain function impairments in male Wistar rats. Biogerontology 2015; 16(6):775-88. Doi: 10.1007/s10522-015-9603-y.
• 22. Gotthardt JD, Verpeut JL, Yeomans BL, Yang JA, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA, et al. Intermittent fasting promotes fat loss with lean mass retention, increased hypothalamic norepinephrine content, and increased neuropeptide Y gene expression in diet-induced obese male mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157(2):679-91. Doi: 10.1210/en.2015-1622.
• 23. Anson RM, Guo Z, De Cabo R, Iyun T, Rios M, Hagepanos A, et al. Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(10):6216-20.
• 24. Arum O, Saleh JK, Boparai RK, Kopchick JJ, Khardori RK, Bartke A. Preservation of blood glucose homeostasis in slow-senescing somatotrophism-deficient mice subjected to intermittent fasting begun at middle or old age. Age (Dordr) 2014;36(3): 9651. Doi: 10.1007/s11357-014-9651-2
• 25. Halberg N, Henriksen M, Soderhamn N, Stallknecht B, Ploug T, Schjerling P, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99(6):2128-36. Doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2005
• 26. Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81(1):69–73. Doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.69
• 27. Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O,et al. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23(11):1050-7. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007.
• 28. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel CM, Kroeger MC, Trepanowski FJ, Haus MJ, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 2013;12(1):146. Doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-146.
• 29. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90(5):1138-43. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380.
• 30. Mager DE, Wan R, Brown M, Cheng A, Wareski P, Abernethy DR, et al. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter spectral measures of heart rate and blood pressure variability in rats. FASEB J 2006; 20(6):631-7. Doi: 10.1096/fj.05-5263com.
• 31. Wan R, Camandola S, Mattson MP. Intermittent food deprivation improves cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to stress in rats. J Nutr 2003; 133(6):1921-9. Doi: 10.1093/jn/133.6.1921
• 32. Rothschild J,. Hoddy KK, Jambazian P, Varady KA. Time-restricted feeding and risk of metabolic disease: a review of human and animal studies. Nutr Rev 2014; 72(5):308–18. Doi: 10.1111/nure.12104.
• 33. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, et al. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet Cell Metab 2012;15(6):848-60. Doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019.
• 34. LeCheminant JD, Christenson E, Bailey BW, Tucker LA. Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: a short-term cross-over study. Br J Nutr. 2013; 110(11):2108-13. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513001359.
• 35. Carlson O, Martin B, Stote SK , Golden E , Maudsley S , Najjar SS, et al. Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle-aged men and women. Metabolism 2007; 56(12): 1729–34. Doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.07.018
• 36. Stote KS, Baer DJ, Spears K, Paul DR, Harris GK, Rumpler WV, et al. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(4):981-8. Doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.981
• 37. Frost G, Pirani S. Meal frequency and nutritional intake during Ramadan: a pilot study. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1987;41(1):47–50.
• 38. Taoudi BM, Roky R, Toufiq J, Benaji B, Hakkou F. Epidemiological study: chronotype and daytime sleepiness before and during Ramadan. Therapie 1999;54(5):567–72.
• 39. Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Chaudhri O, Karimi E, Nematy M. The effect of Ramadan fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors and anthropometrics parameters: a systematic review. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31(5): 1250–1255. Doi: 10.12669/pjms.315.7649
• 40. Finch GM, Day JE, Razak, Welch DA, Rogers PJ. Appetite changes under free-living conditions during Ramadan fasting. Appetite 1998; 31(2):159-70. Doi:10.1006/appe.1998.0164
• 41. Betts JA, Richardson JD, Chowdhury EA, Holman GD, Tsintzas K, Thompson D. The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in lean adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100(2):539–47. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.083402.
• 42. Bogdan A, Bouchareb B, Touitou Y. Ramadan fasting alters endocrine and neuroendocrine circadian patterns. Meal-time as a synchronizer in humans? Life Sci 2001; 68(14):1607-15. Doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(01)00966-3.
• 43. Bahijri S, Borai A, Ajabnoor G, Abdul Khaliq A, AlQassas I, Al-Shehri D, et al. Relative metabolic stability, but disrupted circadian cortisol secretion during the fasting month of Ramadan. PLoS One 2013; 8(4):e60917. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060917.
• 44. Bogdan A, Bouchareb B, Touitou Y. Response of circulating leptin to Ramadan daytime fasting: a circadian study. Br J Nutr 2005; 93(4):515-8. Doi:10.1079/bjn20041380.
• 45. Bouhlel E, Denguezli M, Zaouali M, Tabka Z, Shephard RJ. Ramadan fastings effect on plasma leptin, adiponectin concentrations, and body composition in trained young men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008; 18(6):617-27.
• 46. Kassab S, Abdul-Ghaffar T, Nagalla DS, Sachdeva U, Nayar U. Interactions between leptin, neuropeptide-Y and insulin with chronic diurnal fasting during Ramadan. Ann Saudi Med 2004;24(5): 345–9. Doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2004.345.
• 47. Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA. Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17(2):396-406. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012005046.
• 48. Kul S, Savas E, Ozturk ZA, Karadag G. Does Ramadan Fasting Alter Body Weight and Blood Lipids and Fasting Blood Glucose in a Healthy Population? A Meta-analysis. J Relig Health 2013; 53(3):929-42. Doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0.
• 49. Faris MA, Kacimi S, Al-Kurd RA, Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK, et al. Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects. Nutr Res 2012; 32(12):947-55. Doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.021.
• 50. Hajek P, Myers K, Dhanji AR, West O, McRobbie H. Weight change during and after Ramadan fasting. J Pub Health 2012; 34(3):377-81. Doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr087.
• 51. Li G, Xie C, Lu S, Nichols RG, Tian Y, Li L, et al. Intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota. Cell Metab 2017; 26(4): 672–85.e4. Doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.019
• 52. Shen J, Obin MS, Zhao L. The gut microbiota, obesity and insulin resistance. Mol Aspect Med 2013; 34(1):39-58. Doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.11.001.
• 53. Cheng A, Wan R, Yang JL, Kamimura N, Son TG, Ouyang X, et al. Involvement of PGC-1α the formation and maintenance of neuronal dendritic spines. Nat Commun 2012;3:1250. Doi: 10.1038/ncomms2238.
• 54. Cheng A, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Maharana C, Lu D, Peng W, et al. Mitochondrial SIRT3 mediates adaptive responses of neurons to exercise and metabolic and excitatory challenges. Cell Metab 2016; 12;23(1):128-42. Doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.013.
• 55. Cerqueira FM, da Cunha FM, Caldeira da Silva CC, Chausse B, Romano RL, Garcia CC, et al. Long-term intermittent feeding, but not caloric restriction, leads to redox imbalance, insulin receptor nitration, and glucose intolerance. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51(7):1454-60. Doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.006.
• 56. Heymsfield SB, Gonzalez MC, Shen W, Redman L, Thomas D. Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and critique of this widely cited rule. Obes Rev 2014; 15(4):310-21. Doi: 10.1111/obr.12143.
• 57. Soenen S, Martens EA, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Lemmens SG, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance: and elevated protein intake for additional preservation of resting energy expenditure and fat free mass. J Nutr 2013; 143(5):591-6. Doi: 10.3945/jn.112.167593.
• 58. Sun Q, Townsend MK, Okereke OI, Franco OH, Hu FB, Grodstein F. Adiposity and weight change in mid-life in relation to healthy survival after age 70 in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 339:b3796. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3796.
• 59. Wegman MP, Guo MH, Bennion DM, Shankar MN, Chrzanowski SM, Goldberg LA,et al. Practicality of intermittent fasting in humans and its effect on oxidative stress and genes related to aging and metabolism. Rejuvenation. Res 2015; 18(2):162-72. Doi: 10.1089/rej.2014.1624.