Using Molecular Markers to Improve Potato Lines Resistant to Pathogens

Abstract

Potato is a very important crop for human nutrition worldwide. Potato disease and pests can cause economic yield losses. In this study, approximately 130.000 potato seeds from different genetic backgrounds were obtained, evaluated, and selected from 2008 to 2016 for developing new cultivars. After several years, superior lines were tested in different locations to select new cultivars. At the end of the potato breeding program, eight superior potato lines (Nos 12-55-07, 12-55-16, 12-68-05, 12-69-39, 13-67-25, 13-66-23, 12-45-24 and 13-66-75) were submitted for registration as commercial cultivars. The use of resistance genes is the most effective method for controlling these diseases and pests, and DNA markers that are tightly linked to resistance genes are available. The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of closely linked molecular markers for combining Gro1 and H1 for cist nematode resistance, Sen1 for wart resistance or with R1 for late blight or with Rx1 for PVX in advanced breeding lines and commercial candidate cultivars. In the research, 61 advanced lines were checked for the presence of five markers. As a result, only two breeding lines (Nos 31-01-03 and 32-02-52) were determined to have positive results for four markers, and nine advanced lines were found to have positive marker results for Sen1, H1, and R1 at the same time. In 6 advanced lines, positive results were acquired from both Sen1, H1, and Rx1, 2 lines Sen1, Gro1, and H1, and only one line No. 12-45-24 Sen1, Gro1, H1, and Rx1 were found to have positive results for markers. Marker-assisted selection for cist nematode, wart, late blight, and PVX will be performed using potato breeding programs.

Keywords

• Cyst
• Globodera
• marker
• potato
• cultivar

References

1. Ahmadvand R, Wolf I, Gorji AM, Polgár Z, Taller J (2013). Development of molecular tools for distinguishing between the highly similar Rx1 and Rx2 PVX extreme resistance genes in tetraploid potato. Potato Research 56: 277-291.
2. Antonova OY, Shvachko NA, Novikova LY, Shuvalov, OY, Kostina LI, Klimenko NS, Shuvalova AR, Gavrilenko TA (2017). genetic diversity of potato varieties bred in Russia and its neigh boring countries based on the polymorphism of SSR-loci and markers associated with resistance R-genes. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research 7 (5): 489-500.
3. Babu R, Nair SK, Prasanna BM, Gupta HS (2004). Integrating marker-assisted selection in crop breeding-prospects and challenges. Current Science 87: 607-619.
4. Bakker E, Achenbach U, Bakker J, van Vliet J, Peleman J, Segers B, van der Heijden S, van der Linde P, Graveland R, Hutten R, van Eck H, Coppoolse E, van der Vossen E, Bakker J, Goverse A (2004). A high-resolution map of the H1 locus harbouring resistance to the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109:146-152.
5. Ballvora A, Ercolano MR, Weiß J, Meksem K, Bormann CA, Oberhagemann P, Salamini F, Gebhardt C (2002). The R1 gene for potato resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) belongs to the leucine zipper/NBS/LRR class of resistance genes. Plant Journal 30: 361-371.
6. Bormann CA, Rickert AM, Castillo Ruiz RA, Paal J, Lubeck J, Strahwald J, Buhr K, Gebhardt C (2004). Tagging quantitative trait loci for maturity-corrected late blight resistance in tetraploid potato with PCR-based candidate gene markers. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 17:1126-1138.
7. Bradshaw JE (2022). A Brief History of the Impact of Potato Genetics on the Breeding of Tetraploid Potato Cultivars for Tuber Propagation. Potato Research 65: 461-501.
8. Gebhardt C, Bellin D, Henselewski H, Lehmann W, Schwarzfischer J, Valkonen JPT (2006). Marker assisted combination of major genes for pathogen resistance in potato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112:1458-1464.

9. Hehl R, Faurie E, Hesselbach J, Salamini F, Whitham S, Baker B, Gebhardt C (1999). TMV resistance gene N homologues are linked to Synchytrium endobioticum resistance in potato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 379-386.
10. Leonards-Schippers C, Gieffers W, Salamini F, Gebhardt C (1992). The R1 gene conferring race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato is located on potato chromosome V. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 233: 278-283.
11. Milczarek D (2012). A Multiplex PCR method of detecting markers linked to genes conferring resistance to Globodera rostochiensis. American Journal of Potato Research 89: 169-171.
12. Milczarek D, Flis B, Przetakiewicz A (2011). Suitability of molecular markers for selection of potatoes resistant to Globodera spp. American Journal of Potato Research 88: 245-255.
13. Milczarek D, Przetakiewicz A, Kamiński P, Flis B (2014). Early selection of potato clones with the H1 resistance gene – the relation of nematode resistance to quality characteristics. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50 (4): 278-284.
14. Mori K, Sakamoto Y, Mukojima N, Tamiya S, Nakao T, Ishii T, Hosaka T (2011). Development of a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of diagnostic DNA markers of five disease and pest resistance genes in potato. Euphytica 180: 347-355.
15. Obidiegwu JE, Flath K, Gebhardt C (2014). Managing potato wart: a review of present research status and future perspective. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 127: 763-780.
16. Ohbayashi K, Nakata N, Chaya M, Komura K (2010). Development of a detection method of resistance to potato disease and pest using DNA markers. 1. Detection methods of resistance to potato virus X, potato cyst nematode and late blight. Bull Nagasaki Agriculture and Forest Technology Development Center 1: 1-26.
17. Obhayashi K (2019). The Rx gene derived USDA 41956 and Rx1 gene derived CPC 1673 confer equal resistance to the migration of Potato virus X from potato leaves to tubers. Euphytica 215(5): 1-14.
18. Ortega F, Lopez-Vizcon C (2012). Application of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) for disease resistance in a practical potato breeding programme. Potato Research, 55: 1-13.
19. Özkaynak, E (2020). Development of PVX Resistant Potato Breeding Lines Using Marker-Assisted Selection. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 25(1): 66-73.
20. Paal J, H. Henselewski J, Muth K, Meksem CM, Mene´ndez F, Salamini A, Ballvora, Gebhardt C (2004). Molecular cloning of the potato Gro1-4 gene conferring resistance to pathotype Ro1 of the root cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis, based on a candidate gene approach. Plant Journal 38: 285-297.
21. Plich J, Tatarowska B, Milczarek D, Zimnoch-Guzowska E, Flis B (2016). Relationships between race-specific and race-non-specific resistance to potato late blight and length of potato vegetation period in various sources of resistance. Field Crops Research 196: 311-324.
22. Saynakova AB, Romanova MS, Krasnikov SN, Litvinchuk OV, Alekseev YaI, Nikulin AV, Terentjeva EV (2018). Testing potato collection samples for the presence of genes for resistance to phytopathogens by means of DNA markers. Potato genetics and breeding Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22 (1): 18-24.
23. Plich J, Tatarowska B, Lebecka R, Sliwka J, Zimnoch-Guzowska E, Flis B (2015). R2-like Gene Contributes to Resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Polish Potato Cultivar Bzura. American Journal of Potato Research 92: 350-358.
24. Shaikhaldein HO, Hoffmann, B, Alaraidh IA, Aseel DG (2018). Evaluation of extreme resistance genes of Potato virus X (Rx1 and Rx2) in different potato genotypes. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125: 251-257.
25. Sharma R, Kaushik SK, Bhardwaj V, Sharma S, Bhatt AK, Singh BP (shai2013). Molecular characterisation of potato genotypes for late blight resistance. Potato Journal 40 (2): 164-172.
26. Slater AT, Cogan NOL, Forster JW (2013). Cost analysis of the application of marker-assisted selection in potato breeding. Molecular Breeding 32: 299-310.
27. Szajko K, Plich J, Przetakiewicz J, Soltys-Kalina D, Marczewski W (2020). Comparative proteomic analysis of resistant and susceptible potato cultivars during Synchytrium endobioticum infestation. Planta 251(4): 3-8.
28. Xu Y, Crouch JH (2008). Marker-assisted selection in plant breeding: from publications to practice. Crop Science 48: 391-407.