Research Article

Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging

Volume: 40 Number: 2 August 21, 2026
TR EN

Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the field-scale spatial variability of selected soil properties in a 30-decare agricultural area located in the southeastern Harran Plain, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. A total of 54 surface soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected using a 25 × 25 m grid design. Soil physical (clay, silt, sand) and chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), lime, organic matter (OM), and available phosphorus (P)) were analyzed.Spatial distribution was modeled using a deterministic interpolation method (Inverse Distance Weighting, IDW) and a multivariate geostatistical approach (Co-Kriging, COK). The results indicated pronounced spatial heterogeneity among soil parameters. Compared with IDW, Co-Kriging reduced RMSE values particularly for organic matter (0.34% → 0.33%) and available phosphorus (0.67 → 0.60 kg da⁻¹). The highest prediction improvement was observed for phosphorus, with a 10.44% RMSE reduction relative to IDW. Auxiliary variables (EC for OM and lime for P) were incorporated based on their significant correlation with the target variables.Spatial maps revealed localized distribution patterns for clay, lime, organic matter, and phosphorus, supporting site-specific nutrient management and fertilization zoning. The findings demonstrate that integrating auxiliary variables within a multivariate geostatistical framework enhances prediction performance at the field scale and improves the reliability of spatial soil assessments.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Systems Analysis and Modelling

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 21, 2026

Submission Date

July 21, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 40 Number: 2

APA
Öztürk, H., Kaplan, F., Eminoğlu, M. A., & Gündoğan, R. (2026). Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 40(2), 434-448. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599
AMA
1.Öztürk H, Kaplan F, Eminoğlu MA, Gündoğan R. Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026;40(2):434-448. doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599
Chicago
Öztürk, Halime, Fatma Kaplan, Mehmet Ali Eminoğlu, and Recep Gündoğan. 2026. “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40 (2): 434-48. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
EndNote
Öztürk H, Kaplan F, Eminoğlu MA, Gündoğan R (August 1, 2026) Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40 2 434–448.
IEEE
[1]H. Öztürk, F. Kaplan, M. A. Eminoğlu, and R. Gündoğan, “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”, Selcuk J Agr Food Sci, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 434–448, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
ISNAD
Öztürk, Halime - Kaplan, Fatma - Eminoğlu, Mehmet Ali - Gündoğan, Recep. “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40/2 (August 1, 2026): 434-448. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
JAMA
1.Öztürk H, Kaplan F, Eminoğlu MA, Gündoğan R. Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026;40:434–448.
MLA
Öztürk, Halime, et al. “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, vol. 40, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 434-48, doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
Vancouver
1.Halime Öztürk, Fatma Kaplan, Mehmet Ali Eminoğlu, Recep Gündoğan. Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026 Aug. 1;40(2):434-48. doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599

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