Araştırma Makalesi

Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging

Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2 21 Ağustos 2026
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Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging

Öz

This study aimed to evaluate the field-scale spatial variability of selected soil properties in a 30-decare agricultural area located in the southeastern Harran Plain, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. A total of 54 surface soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected using a 25 × 25 m grid design. Soil physical (clay, silt, sand) and chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), lime, organic matter (OM), and available phosphorus (P)) were analyzed.Spatial distribution was modeled using a deterministic interpolation method (Inverse Distance Weighting, IDW) and a multivariate geostatistical approach (Co-Kriging, COK). The results indicated pronounced spatial heterogeneity among soil parameters. Compared with IDW, Co-Kriging reduced RMSE values particularly for organic matter (0.34% → 0.33%) and available phosphorus (0.67 → 0.60 kg da⁻¹). The highest prediction improvement was observed for phosphorus, with a 10.44% RMSE reduction relative to IDW. Auxiliary variables (EC for OM and lime for P) were incorporated based on their significant correlation with the target variables.Spatial maps revealed localized distribution patterns for clay, lime, organic matter, and phosphorus, supporting site-specific nutrient management and fertilization zoning. The findings demonstrate that integrating auxiliary variables within a multivariate geostatistical framework enhances prediction performance at the field scale and improves the reliability of spatial soil assessments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Babaeian, E., Sadeghi, M., Jones, S. B., Montzka, C., Vereecken, H., & Tuller, M. (2015). Ground, proximal, and satellite remote sensing of soil moisture. Reviews of Geophysics 53(3): 412–445.
  2. Batjes, N. .H (1996). Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science 47(2): 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x
  3. Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2016). The Nature and Properties of Soils (15th ed.). Pearson.
  4. Burrough, P. A., & McDonnell, R. A. (1998). Principles of Geographical Information Systems. Oxford University Press, New York.
  5. Castrignano, A., Giugliarini, L., Risaliti, R., & Martinelli, N. (2000). Spatial variability of soil properties and wheat yield in a district of southern Italy. European Journal of Agronomy 12(4): 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00064-5
  6. Corwin, D. L., & Lesch, S. M. (2005). Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 46(1–3): 11–43.
  7. Di, H. J., Aylmore, L. A. G, & Colvin, D. W. (1989). Mapping soil properties using geostatistical techniques: A case study of the Darling Downs, Queensland. Soil Research 27(4): 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9890605
  8. Feng, X., Ma, Y., Zhang, R., & Wang, D. (2022). Spatial prediction of available phosphorus using geostatistical approaches in calcareous soils. Geoderma 406: 115486.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tarım Sistemleri Analizi ve Modellemesi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

21 Ağustos 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

21 Temmuz 2025

Kabul Tarihi

28 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Öztürk, H., Kaplan, F., Eminoğlu, M. A., & Gündoğan, R. (2026). Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 40(2), 434-448. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599
AMA
1.Öztürk H, Kaplan F, Eminoğlu MA, Gündoğan R. Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026;40(2):434-448. doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599
Chicago
Öztürk, Halime, Fatma Kaplan, Mehmet Ali Eminoğlu, ve Recep Gündoğan. 2026. “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40 (2): 434-48. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
EndNote
Öztürk H, Kaplan F, Eminoğlu MA, Gündoğan R (01 Ağustos 2026) Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40 2 434–448.
IEEE
[1]H. Öztürk, F. Kaplan, M. A. Eminoğlu, ve R. Gündoğan, “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”, Selcuk J Agr Food Sci, c. 40, sy 2, ss. 434–448, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
ISNAD
Öztürk, Halime - Kaplan, Fatma - Eminoğlu, Mehmet Ali - Gündoğan, Recep. “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 40/2 (01 Ağustos 2026): 434-448. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
JAMA
1.Öztürk H, Kaplan F, Eminoğlu MA, Gündoğan R. Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 2026;40:434–448.
MLA
Öztürk, Halime, vd. “Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging”. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, c. 40, sy 2, Ağustos 2026, ss. 434-48, doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599.
Vancouver
1.Halime Öztürk, Fatma Kaplan, Mehmet Ali Eminoğlu, Recep Gündoğan. Field-Scale Spatial Modeling of Soil Properties in the Harran Plain Using IDW and Auxiliary Variable-Based Co-Kriging. Selcuk J Agr Food Sci. 01 Ağustos 2026;40(2):434-48. doi:10.15316/selcukjafsci.1747599

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