Hayvansal gübreler ve Mesorhizobium ciceri bakterisi uygulamalarının Siirt ekolojik koşullarında nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) bitkisinin gelişimi ve nodülasyonu üzerine etkileri

Abstract

Bu araştırma, farklı organik gübreler ile Mesorhizobium ciceri uygulamalarının nohudun (Cicer arietinum L.) fide gelişimi ve nodülasyon özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme, 2023–2024 üretim sezonunda Siirt Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme alanlarında, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Uygulamalarda solucan, koyun, sığır ve tavuk gübreleri farklı dozlarda kullanılmış; mikrobiyal gübre olarak ise M. ciceri inokulantı tohumlara uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada bitki boyu, ana dal ve yan dal sayısı, gövde yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, kök uzunluğu, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, nodül sayısı, nodül yaş ve kuru ağırlığı gibi parametreler değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, organik ve mikrobiyal gübre kombinasyonlarının kontrol ve tek başına gübre uygulamalarına göre bitki gelişimini ve nodül oluşumunu anlamlı düzeyde artırdığını göstermiştir. Özellikle M. ciceri + solucan gübresi (200 kg da-1) uygulaması, kök gelişimi ve nodül parametreleri açısından en yüksek değerlere ulaşmıştır. Sonuçlar, organik gübreler ile biyogübrelerin birlikte kullanımının kimyasal gübrelere alternatif sürdürülebilir bir strateji olduğunu ve nohudun azot kullanım etkinliğini artırarak çevre dostu üretim modellerini desteklediğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Nohut
• Mesorhizobium ciceri
• organik gübre
• nodülasyon
• sürdürülebilir tarım

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

1919B012223669

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Yazarların çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Yazarlar, finansal desteklerinden dolayı TÜBİTAK’a (Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu) teşekkür ederler.

Effects of Animal Manures and Mesorhizobium ciceri Applications on the Growth and Nodulation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Siirt Ecological Conditions

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different organic fertilizers and Mesorhizobium ciceri inoculation on seedling growth and nodulation traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 growing season at the experimental fields of Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Solid worm manure, sheep, cattle, and poultry manures were applied at different rates, while a peat-based Mesorhizobium ciceri inoculant was used as microbial fertilizer through seed coating. The measured traits included plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, shoot fresh and dry weights, root length, root fresh and dry weights, nodule number, and nodule fresh and dry weights. Results indicated that the combination of organic and microbial fertilizers significantly enhanced plant growth and nodulation compared to the control and sole applications. Particularly, the Mesorhizobium ciceri + 200 kg da⁻¹ worm manure treatment achieved the highest values for root traits and nodulation parameters. The findings suggest that the integrated use of organic manures and biofertilizers provides a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization, enhances nitrogen use efficiency, and supports environmentally friendly production systems in chickpea cultivation.

Keywords

• chickpea
• mesorhizobium ciceri
• organic fertilizer
• nodulation
• sustainable agriculture

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye)

Project Number

1919B012223669

Ethical Statement

This study was prepared in accordance with research and publication ethics. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye) for financial support.

References

1. Anonymous. (2025). Arda chickpea cultivar characteristics. GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center Directorate. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/gaputaem/Belgeler (access date: 10.08.2025).
2. Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., Atiyeh, R., & Metzger, J. D. (2004). Effects of vermicomposts produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource Technology 93: 139–144.
3. Atiyeh, R. M., Edwards, C. A., Subler, S., & Metzger, J. D. (2000). Earthworm-processed organic wastes as components of horticultural potting media for growing marigold and vegetable seedlings. Compost Science & Utilization 8: 215–223.
4. Aytenew, M., & Bore, G. (2020). Effects of organic amendments on soil fertility and environmental quality: A review. Plant Science 8: 112–119.
5. Bayraklı, B., Özyazıcı, G., & Özyazıcı, M. A. (2017). The effect of ınoculation with various nodosity bacterial cultures collected from samsun province on yield and nitrogen coverage of soybean (Glycine max L.) in the greenhouse and field conditions. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research 4: 131-142.
6. Bebber, D. P., & Richards, V. R. (2022). A meta-analysis of the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil microbial diversity. Applied Soil Ecology 175: 104450.
7. Bicer, B. T., & Yilmaz, A. (2013). The adaptation trial on different chickpea genotypes in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, 56: 378-381.
8. Blouin, M., Barrere, J., Meyer, N., Lartigue, S., Barot, S., & Mathieu, J. (2019). Vermicompost significantly affects plant growth: A meta-analysis. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 39: 34.

9. Canellas, L. P., & Olivares, F. L. (2014). Physiological responses to humic substances as plant growth promoters. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 1: 3.
10. Chala, Z., & Obsa, G. (2017). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and enhancing soil chemical properties on Vertisols at Ginchi, central highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 7(28): 28–34.
11. Díaz, C. L., & Sinharoy, S. (2015). Legume–Rhizobium symbiosis: Host control and nodule development. Molecular Plant 8(7): 958–964.
12. Erdem, V. E., & Karaaslan, D. (2023). The effect of different organic fertilizer applications on yield components of some rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Varieties. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(1): 1-14.
13. FAO. (2003). Manure as a source of nutrients. In: Guidelines for Integrated Nutrient Management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/y1939e/y1939e07.htm (access date: 10.08.2025).
14. FAO. (2025). Chickpea production data. Food and Agriculture Organization. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data (access date: 10.08.2025).
15. Graham, P. H., & Vance, C. P. (2000). Nitrogen fixation in perspective: An overview of research and extension needs. Field Crops Research 65: 93–106.
16. Hungria, M., & Vargas, M. A. T. (2000). Environmental factors affecting N₂ fixation in grain legumes in the tropics, with an emphasis on Brazil. Field Crops Research 65: 151–164.
17. İpekeşen, S., & Biçer, B. (2021). The effect of fertilization on plant and agricultural traits of chickpeas. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): 320–332.
18. İşler, E., & Coşkan, A. (2009). Effects of different bacterial inoculation methods (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on nitrogen fixation and seed yield in soybean. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15: 324–331.
19. Jannoura, R., Joergensen, R. G., & Bruns, C. (2014). Organic fertilizer effects on growth, crop yield, and soil microbial biomass indices in sole and intercropped peas and oats under organic farming conditions. European Journal of Agronomy 52: 259–270.
20. Jukanti, A. K., Gaur, P. M., Gowda, C. L. L., & Chibbar, R. N. (2012). Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): A review. British Journal of Nutrition 108: S11–S26.
21. Khan, M. I., Afzal, M. J., Bashir, S., Naveed, M., Anum, S., Cheema, S. A., Wakeel, A., Sanaullah, M., Ali, M. H., & Chen, Z. (2021). Improving nutrient uptake, growth, yield and protein content in chickpea by the co-addition of phosphorus fertilizers, organic manures, and bacillus sp. Mn-54. Agronomy, 11(3): 436.
22. Lazcano, C., & Domínguez, J. (2011). The use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture: Impact on plant growth and soil fertility. Soil Nutrients 10: 187.
23. Liu, Y., Lan, X., Hou, H., Ji, J., Liu, X., & Lv, Z. (2024). Multifaceted ability of organic fertilizers to improve crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance: Review and perspectives. Agronomy 14: 1141. MEGEP. (2011). Fertilizer Analysis II. Ministry of National Education, Turkey. https://megep.meb.gov.tr/ (Access date: 10.08.2025)
24. Nahusenay, G., Wolde, G., Tena, W., & Tamiru, T. (2024). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth, nodulation, and yield as affected by varieties, Mesorhizobium strains, and NPSB fertilizer in Southern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Plant Science 15: 1372082.
25. Nasr, Esfahani, M., Kusano, M., Nguyen, K. H., Watanabe, Y., Ha, C. V., Saito, K., & Tran, L. S. P. (2016). Adaptation of the symbiotic Mesorhizobium–chickpea relationship to phosphate deficiency relies on reprogramming of whole-plant metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: E4610–E4619.
26. Nour, S. M., Cleyet-Marel, J. C., Normand, P., & Fernandez, M. P. (1995). Genomic heterogeneity of strains nodulating chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and description of Rhizobium mediterraneum sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 45: 640–648.
27. Özcan, M. A., & Yücel, D. (2022). Determination of winter chickpea genotypes that can be grown ın Şirnak-Idil conditions. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(1): 99–109.
28. Rani, A., Devi, P., Jha, U. C., Sharma, K. D., Siddique, K. H., & Nayyar, H. (2020). Developing climate-resilient chickpea involving physiological and molecular approaches with a focus on temperature and drought stresses. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1759.
29. Sarıoğlu, A., Almaca, A., Doğan, K., & Ramazanoğlu, E. (2024). Biochar and Rhizobium applications: A promising synergy for improved soybean growth and rhizosphere microbial activities. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8(1): 134-149.
30. Saurabh, Vijay, D. D. (2022). Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to organic and inorganic fertilizers. Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences 14: 97-99.
31. Satyavir, S., Awanish, K., Guru, D., & Kumar, K. R. (2025). Effects of rock phosphate, farmyard manure, and vermicompost on growth, yield, and soil quality in field cultivation of chickpea. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37: 212–218.
32. Şehirali, S. (1988). Edible Legumes (Yemeklik Dane Baklagiller). Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Ankara, Türkiye, p.429.
33. Soysal, S., Uçar, Ö., & Erman, M. (2020). The effects of microbiological and inorganic fertilizers on the quality characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the ecological conditions of Siirt. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4: 923–939.
34. TÜİK. (2025). Chickpea production data. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data (access date: 10.08.2025).
35. Voisin, A. S., Salon, C., Jeudy, C., & Warembourg, F. R. (2003). Symbiotic N₂ fixation activity in relation to C economy of Pisum sativum L. as a function of plant phenology. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 2733–2744.
36. Wanjofu, E. I., Venter, S. N., Beukes, C. W., Steenkamp, E. T., Gwata, E. T., & Muema, E. K. (2022). Nodulation and growth promotion of chickpea by Mesorhizobium isolates from diverse sources. Microorganisms 10: 2467.
37. Yılmaz, A. (2023). Vermicompost enhances saline tolerance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Black Sea Journal of Agriculture 6: 1-7.
38. Yilmaz, H., & Yilmaz, A. (2025). Hidden hunger in the age of abundance: the nutritional pitfalls of modern staple crops. Food Science & Nutrition, 13(2), e4610.
39. Yılmaz, A., Yılmaz, H., Soydemir, H. E., & Çiftçi, V. (2022). The effect of PGPR and AMF applications on yield properties and protein content in soybean (Glycine max L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science 8: 108-118.
40. Yolcu, M. S., & Yilmaz, A. (2025). Biostimulant-driven enhancement of bioactive compounds in salt-stressed sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). South African Journal of Botany, 178: 318-329.
41. Yüce, İ., & Karaköy, T. (2024). Determination of agro-morphological characteristics of Turkey origin wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum L.) genotypes. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8(2): 502–518.
42. Yücel, D., & Anlarsal, A. E. (2008). Performance of some winter chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in Mediterranean conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 36: 35–41.
43. Zahran, H. H. (1999). Rhizobium–legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63: 968–989.