Papaver somniferum L. Tohumlarının Süperkritik CO₂ Ekstraktlarının Yağ Asidi Profili, Fitokimyasal Bileşimi ve Antimikrobiyal Etkisi

Abstract

Doğal biyoaktif bileşiklere olan talebin artması, yeşil ekstraksiyon teknikleriyle elde edilen bitki kaynaklı yağlara olan ilgiyi artırmıştır. Papaver somniferum L. tohum yağı, potansiyel biyolojik aktivitelere sahip yağ asitleri ve fitokimyasallar açısından umut verici bir kaynaktır. Bu çalışmada, süperkritik CO₂ ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilen P. somniferum tohum yağının yağ asidi bileşimi, fitokimyasal içeriği ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yağ ekstraksiyonu optimize edilmiş koşullar altında gerçekleştirilmiştir (36.75 MPa, 47 °C, CO₂ akış hızı: 1 L dk⁻¹). Yağ asidi bileşimi gaz kromatografisi ile analiz edilmiş, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri ise spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle belirlenmiştir. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, seçilmiş Gram-pozitif, Gram-negatif bakteriler ve maya suşlarına karşı broth mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon sonucunda yaklaşık %20 oranında yağ elde edilmiştir. Yağ asidi profili, başlıca bileşen olarak linoleik asit olmak üzere, çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin baskın olduğunu göstermiştir; bunu oleik ve palmitik asitler takip etmiştir. Toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri sırasıyla 73.70 mg GAE g⁻¹ ekstrakt ve 21.42 mg QE g⁻¹ ekstrakt olarak belirlenmiştir. Yağ, en güçlü antimikrobiyal aktiviteyi Bacillus cereus (MİK: 0.375 mg mL⁻¹) ve Candida albicans (MİK: 0.75 mg mL⁻¹) üzerinde göstermiş, Gram-negatif bakterilerin ise daha düşük duyarlılık sergilediği gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, P. somniferum tohum yağının, muhtemelen yağ asitleri ile fenolik bileşikler arasındaki sinerjik etkileşimler sayesinde önemli bir biyoaktif potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Süperkritik CO₂ ekstraksiyonu, gıda ve farmasötik endüstrilerde umut verici uygulamalara sahip, yüksek kaliteli yağ elde etmek için etkili ve çevre dostu bir yöntemdir.

Keywords

• Biyoaktivite
• kromatografi
• GC-MS (gaz kromatografisi–kütle spektrometrisi)
• linoleik asit
• primer metabolit

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırma herhangi bir dış finansman almamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın amaçlarını gerçekleştirmek için araştırma etik kurulundan herhangi bir onay alınması gerekmemiştir.

Thanks

Yazarlar, bu çalışmaya teknik ve idari destek sağlayan tüm kişi ve kurumlara teşekkür eder.

Fatty Acid Profile, Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Effect of Supercritical CO₂ Extracts of Papaver somniferum L. Seeds

Abstract

The demand for natural bioactive compounds has increased interest in plant-derived oils obtained through green extraction techniques. Papaver somniferum L. seed oil is a promising source of fatty acids and phytochemicals with potential biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid composition, phytochemical content, and antimicrobial activity of P. somniferum seed oil obtained by supercritical CO₂ extraction. Oil extraction was performed under optimized conditions (36.75 MPa, 47 °C, CO₂ flow rate: 1 L min⁻¹). Fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography, while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method against selected Gram-positive,Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast strains.The extraction yielded approximately 20% oil. The fatty acid profile was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic acid as the major component, followed by oleic and palmitic acids. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 73.70 mg GAE g⁻¹ extract and 21.42 mg QE g⁻¹ extract, respectively. The oil exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 0.375 mg mL⁻¹) and Candida albicans (MIC: 0.75 mg mL⁻¹), while Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive. The findings indicate that P. somniferum seed oil possesses significant bioactive potential, likely due to synergistic interactions between fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Supercritical CO₂ extraction is an effective and environmentally friendly method for obtaining high-quality oil with promising applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords

• bioactivity
• chromatography
• GC-MS
• linoleic acid
• primer metabolite

Supporting Institution

This research received no external funding

Ethical Statement

No approval from the research ethics committee was required to accomplish the goals of this study

Thanks

The authors would like to thank all individuals and institutions who supported this study through technical and administrative assistance.

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