Risk Assessment in Paddy Rice Cultivation: The Case of Gihanga, Burundi.

Year 2025, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 434 - 445, 27.08.2025

Thierry Keringingo , Zuhal Karakayacı

https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1645008

Abstract

This study was carried out in the Imbo plain of the Gihanga region in Burundi. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the main risks associated with rice production. To achieve the study's objectives, face-to-face surveys were conducted using the KoboCollect application. Once the surveys were completed, a statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 25, and the Fine-Kinney method has been used to assess the severity of the identified risks. The results reveal that rice cultivation is predominant in Gihanga, with an average production of 3,878.95 kg per enterprise and per year. The average area allocated for rice cultivation was 1.4 hectares. The risks observed in the examined farms, with severity values exceeding 400, include drought, lack of agricultural insurance, plant diseases, inadequate irrigation infrastructure, and limited access to quality inputs. Major challenges identified include difficulties in accessing financial resources, insufficient agricultural oversight, and poor water management. On the other hand, in Imbo, it was found that the semi-intensive production system of small farms neither weakened nor strengthened their competitive advantage. It is imperative to consider agricultural risks when making production decisions, and the formulation of policies aimed at developing the rice sector is strongly recommended.

Keywords

Risk Analysis , Fine-Kinney Method , Agricultural Enterprises

Çeltik Yetiştiriciliğinde Risk Değerlendirilmesi: Gihanga Örneği, Burundi.

Abstract

Bu çalışma Burundi'nin Gihanga bölgesindeki Imbo ovasında yürütülmüştür. Bu
araştırmanın amacı pirinç üretiminde karşılaşılan başlıca riskleri analiz etmektir. Çalışmanın
amaçlarına ulaşabilmek için KoboCollect uygulaması kullanılarak anket yüz yüze yapılmış,
anketler tamamlandıktan sonra SPSS 25 programı ile istatistiksel analiz yapılmış ve ayrıca
risklerin şiddet derecesini değerlendirmek amacıyla Fine-Kenney yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Sonuçlar Gihanga'da pirinç ekiminin baskın olduğunu, işletme başına ortalama üretimin 3.878,95
kg/yıl olduğunu ortaya konulmuştur. Çeltik için kullanılan alan ortalama 1,4 ha. İncelenen
işletmelerde kuraklık, tarım sigortasının olmaması, bitki hastalıkları, yetersiz sulama altyapısı ve
kaliteli girdiler 400'den büyük şiddet değeri ile gözlenen risklerdir. Finansal kaynaklara erişimin
zorluğu, yetersiz tarımsal denetim ve suyun kontrolünün zayıf olması başlıca handikapları
oluşturmaktadır. Öte yandan, İmbo'da küçük çiftliklerin yarı-yoğun üretim sisteminin rekabet
gücünü zayıflattığı ya da güçlendirdiği görülmemiştir. Üretim kararları alınırken tarımsal
risklerin göz önünde bulundurulması öncelikli olup, pirinç sektörünün geliştirilmesine yönelik
politikaların belirlenmesi önemle tavsiye edilmektedir.

Keywords

Risk Analizleri , Fine-Kinney Yöntemi , Tarım İşletmeleri

References

• Edward O, Prince A, Akwasi M and Henry D (2022). Rice price volatility and transmission: Implications for food security in Ghana. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2085605
• Gahiro L (2011). Competitivite des filieres rizicoles burundaises : Le Riz De L’imbo Et Le Riz Des Marais https://theses.hal.science/tel-00854623v1/document
• Hardaker BJ, Huirne RBM, Anderson JR, Lien G (2004). Coping Risk in Agriculture. Second Edition. Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing, ISBN:0851998313, United Kingdom, p.332.
• Hazell P, Anderson J, Balzer N, Clemmensen AH, Hess U, Rispolli F (2010). The potential for scale and sustainability in weather index insurance for agricultural and rural livelihoods. IFAD and WFP, Rome, p. 153.
• Heltberg R, Siegel P (2008). Climate change: Challenges for social protection in Africa. Paper for conference on social protection for the poorest in Africa. Washington DC: World Bank.
• Holloway C (1979). Decision making under uncertainty: models and choices, Prentice-Hall, Inc., englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
• IFAD (2022). Republic of Burundi: Country Strategic Opportunities Programme (2022–2027); International Fund for Agricultural Development: Rome, Italy.
• Katungi E, Nduwarigira E, Ntukamazina N, Niragira S, Mutua M, Kalemera S, Onyango P, Nchanji E, Fungo R, Birachi E, Rubyogo JC, Bruchara RA (2020). Food security and common bean productivity: impacts of improved technology adoption among smallholder farmers in Burundi; Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA): Nairobi, Kenya.
• Kessler A, Reemst L, Beun M, Slingerland E, Pol L, de Winne R (2021). Mobilizing farmers to stop land degradation: A different discourse from Burundi. Land Degrad & Development 32, 3403–3414. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ldr.3763
• Kremen C, Iles A, Bacon C (2012). Diversified farming systems: An agroecological, systems-based alternative to modern industrial agriculture. Ecology and Society 17(4): 44.
• Laurence C, Gene G, Steve I, Doug J, Rod S (2013). Introduction to risk management: Understanding agricultural risks, 2nd Ed., Extension Risk Management Education and Risk Management Agency, United State Department of Agriculture.
• Manzamasso H. (2021). Impacts of price, weather and policy changes on maize and rice farming in Togo. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies (2021) 12 (3): 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-09-2020-0427 .
• Mirzabaev A (2016). Land degradation and sustainable land management innovations in Central Asia. Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-25718-1_13
• Mpozi BB, Mizero M, Egesa AO, Nguezet PMD, Vanlauwe B, Ndimanya P, Lebailly P (2020). Land access in the development of horticultural crops in East Africa. A case study of passion fruit in Burundi, Kenya, and Rwanda. Sustainability 12, 3041. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/7/3041
• Näther, Theuvsen L (2012). Risk management im Pferdebetrieb: Leitfaden für Pferdebetriebe: So behalten Sie die Risiken im Griff.
• Ndagijimana M (2021). Coping with risk and climate change in farming: Exploring an index-based crop insurance in Burundi. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University and Research: Wageningen, The Netherlands.
• Nto P, Mbanasor JA, Osuala AE (2014). Evaluation of risk management practices in rice production in Abia State, Nigeria. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4(3), 263-274.
• Nyairo R, Machimura T, Matsui TA (2020). Combined analysis of sociological and farm management factors affecting household livelihood vulnerability to climate change in rural Burundi. Sustainability 12(10), 4296. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4296
• Oğuz C, Karakayacı Z (2017). Tarım Ekonomisinde Araştırma ve Örnekleme Metodolojisi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü Yüksek Lisans Ders Kitabı 1.Basım.
• Okonya JS, Ocimati W, Nduwayezu A, Kantungeko D, Niko N, Blomme G, Legg JP, Kroschel J (2019) Farmer reported pest and disease impacts on root, tuber, and banana crops and livelihoods in Rwanda and Burundi. Sustainability 11(6), 1592. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/3/400
• Paridaens AM, Belotti L, Régi S, Mahwane J, Zoem JP (2012). Analyse des données secondaires de la sécurité animentaire, vulnérabilité et nutrition au Burundi. Burundi. Retrieved from https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/wfp253438.pdf.
• VKM, (2013). Risk assessment of mycotoxins in cereal grain in Norway. https://vkm.no/download/18.2994e95b15cc545071615a36/1510054265635/Risk%20assessment%20of%20mycotoxins%20in%20cereal%20grain%20in%20Norway.pdf
• Wabi M, Vanhove W, Idohou R, Hounkpèvi A, Kakaï R L, Damme P (2021). Characterization of spatio-temporal trends in longterm rainfall of three weather stations in Benin: Implications for Agricultural Decision Making. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-7306
• Yohana J, Yan Y (2021). Price risk perceptions and adoption of management strategies by smallholder rice farmers in Mbeya region, Tanzania. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311932.2021.1919370