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Conical Vessels in Late Roman- Early Byzantine Periods Glass Production and a Sample from Ödemiş Museum

Year 2019, Issue: 9, 273 - 302, 01.01.2019

Abstract

Conical vessels are among the most common forms of glass production in the late Roman and early Byzantine periods. Th ese vessels are characterized by their conical bodies which narrow towards the base and which mostly have a sharp end. Th ey can be categorized into subgroups typologically based on the form of their rims and the shape of the base, and a specifi c ornament style is generally observed in the decoration of these subgroups. Th is ornament style, formed by thin or thick how-cut lines, blue glass drops applications arranged parallel or triangular groups on the body, or glass trails, is one of the most typical features of conical vessels. Comparison and evaluation studies on the vessels’ regional distribution and the form of their rims reveal that they served as a kind of drinking vessel i.e. beakers , or were used as oil lamps for lighting. In addition to the archeological data, descriptions also how that the production of conical vessels started in the mid-4th century at the earliest, and they became commonly used across a large area in both the East and West. Th ere are strong arguments that these vessels originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Th e fact that the known conical vessel production centers were discovered in this region, depictions of these vessels dating back to early periods have been found on the buildings in this region, and the large number of such samples are deemed to be signifi cant proof corroborating these arguments. A limited number of conical vessels are found in the collections and excavation fi ndings in Turkey. We do not have suffi cient information about the distribution and use of conical vessels in Anatolia because excavation fi ndings mostly consist of fragments, and similar vessels are rarely seen in museum and private collections in Turkey. Th erefore, the conical vessel in the glass collection of Ödemiş Museum is of great importance since it is intact and has a rarely seen form. Although it is not certain, comparisons and evaluations of the conical vessels suggest that it dates back to the period between the 4th and 6th centuries, was probably used as a drinking cup, and originated in Eastern regions

References

  • Antonaras 2008 A. Antonaras, “Glass lamps of the Roman and Early Christian Periods. Evidence from the Th essaloniki Area”, Lychnological Acts 2, Trade and Local Production of Lamps from the Prehistory until the Middle Age, Cluj-Napoca, s. 23-30.
  • Barag 1971 D. Barag, “Th e Glass Vessels”, Beth Shearim: Report on the Excavations during 1953-1958, Vol. 3 (ed. N. Avigad), New Brunswick.
  • Baybo 2009 S. Baybo, “Late Antique / Early Byzantine Glass Vessels from Trench Q18 at Limyra: Excavation Seasons 2007-2009”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 189-198
  • Burger 1966 A. Sz. Burger, Th e Late Roman Cemetery at Sagvar, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest, 99-235.
  • Canav-Özgümüş 2009 Ü. Canav-Özgümüş, “Late Roman/ Early Byzantine Glass From the Marmaray Rescue Excavations at Sirkeci, İstanbul”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 17-24.
  • Caron 1997 B. Caron “Roman Figure-Engraved Glass in Th e Metropolitan Museum of Art.” Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 32, 19-50.
  • Contarti 2009 S. Contarti, “Late Antique Glass from Iasos (Caria)”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 123- 132.
  • Crowfoot- Harden 1931 G. M. Crowfoot- D. Harden, Early Byzantine and Later Glass Lamps, Th e Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3/4, 196-208.
  • Czurda-Ruth 2007 B. Czurda-Ruth, Hanghaus 1 in Ephesos Die Gläser, Forschungen in Ephesos VIII/7, Wien.
  • Çakmakçı 2017 Z. Çakmakçı, Ödemiş Müzesi Cam Eser Koleksiyonu, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınları, İzmir.
  • Davidson 1952 G.R.Davidson, Th e Minor Objects, Corinth, Vol.XII, Th e American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey
  • Dothan 1983 M. Dothan, Hammath Tiberias: Early Synagogues and the Hellenistic and Roman Remains, Jerusalem.
  • Edgar 1905 M. C. C. Edgar, Cataloque General des Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Greco-Egyptian Glass, Caire.
  • Evison 1972 V.I. Evison, “Glass cone beakers of the “Kempston” type”, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 14, 48-66.
  • Fleming 1997 S.J. Fleming, “Late Roman Glass at the University of Pennsylvania Museum: A Photo Essay,” Expedition 39.2, 25-41.
  • Fremersdorf 1962 F. Fremersdorf, Die römischen Gläser mit aufgelegten Nuppen, Die Denkmäler des römischen Köln VII.
  • Froehner 1879 F. W. Froehner, La verrerie antique: déscription de la Collection Charvet.
  • Fukai 1977 Persian Glass, (trans. Edna B. Crawford), New York: Weatherhill/Tankosha.
  • Gençler 2009 Ç. Gençler, Elaiussa Sebaste Antik Kenti Cam Buluntuları, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • Güneş 2009 F. Güneş, “Late Antique Glass from the Museum of Kahramanmaraş”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 245-252.
  • Harden 1936 D. Harden, Roman Glass From Karanis, found by the University of Michigan Archaeological Expedition in Egypt, 1924–29, Ann Arbor.
  • Higashi 1990 E. L. Higashi, Conical glass vessels from Karanis: Function and meaning in a Pagan/ Christian context in rural Egypt, Vol.1-2, (Phd Th esis, Th e University of Michigan).
  • Isings 1957 C. Isings, Roman Glass from the dated Finds, Archaelogica Traiectina II, Groningen.
  • Israeli 2003 Y. Israeli, Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum, Th e Eliahu Dobkin Collection and Other Gifts, Th e Israel Musem Jerusalem Lightfoot 2001 C. S. Lightfoot “Greek and Roman Art”, Ars Vitraria: Glass in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 59(1), 18-24.
  • Lith 1988 S. M. E van Lith, Late Roman and Early Merovingian glass from a settlement site at Maastricht (Dutch south Limburg): part 2, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 30, 62-76
  • Morin-Jean 1913 Morin-Jean, La Verrerie en Gaule Sous l’Empire Romain, Essai de Morphologie et de Chronologie, Paris.
  • Newman 1977 H. Newman, An Illustrated Dictionary of Glass, London.
  • Sharabi 2013 N. Sharabi, Lamp and Light in the Ancient Synagogue, (Master Th esis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Th e Institute of Archaeology), Jerusalem.
  • Simpson 2015 S. J. Simpson, Sasanian Glassware from Mesopotamia, Gilan, and the Caucasus, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 57, 77-96
  • Weinberg 1988 G.D. Weinberg, Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine, Columbia.
  • Weinberg-Stern 2009 G.D. Weinberg- E. M. Stern, Th e Athenian Agora, Volume XXXIV, Vessel Glass, Th e American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Whitehouse 2003 D. Whitehouse, Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Vol.3, Corning, New York.
  • Whitehouse 2005 D. Whitehouse, Sasanian and post-Sasanian glass in Th e Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York.
  • Whitehouse 2006 D. Whitehouse, A Pocket Dictionary of Terms Commonly Used to Describe Glass and Glassmaking, Th e Corning Museum of Glass, New York.
  • Zori 1967 N. Zori, “Th e Ancient Synagogue at Beth-Shean”, Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Vol. E.L. Sukenik Memorial Volume (1889-1953), 149-167.

Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek

Year 2019, Issue: 9, 273 - 302, 01.01.2019

Abstract

Konik kaplar, Geç Roma-Erken Bizans dönemi cam üretiminin iyi tanınan formlarından biridir. Bunlar, ağız kenarından kaideye doğru daralan ve çoğu zaman da sivrilerek sonlanan konik gövdeleriyle karakteristiktir. Ağız kenarının işlenişi ve kaide biçimlenişiyle tipolojik olarak alt gruplara ayrılabilen bu kapların dekorasyonunda da genellikle bu gruba özel bir bezeme tarzı görülür. Çoğunlukla kazıma teknikli ince veya kalın şeritler, gövde üzerine paralel ya da üçgen gruplar halinde dizilmiş mavi renkli yuvarlak cam aplikasyonlar veya cam iplerinden oluşan bu bezeme stili, konik kapların en belirgin özellikleri arasındadır. Kapların ağız kenarının üretim şekli yanı sıra bölgesel dağılımını esas alan karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmeler, bunların, ya bardak gibi bir tür içecek kabı olarak hizmet ettiğini ya da kandil işleviyle aydınlatmada kullanıldığını ortaya koyar. Arkeolojik veriler yanında tasvirler de konik kapların en erken 4.yüzyıl ortasından itibaren üretilmeye başlandığını ve sonrasında Doğu’da ve Batı’da geniş bir coğrafyaya yayıldığını göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan bu kapların ortaya çıkışı üzerine yapılan görüş ve öneriler bunların kökeninin ve başlıca dağılım noktasının Doğu Akdeniz olabileceği üzerinde kuvvetle durmaktadır. Konik kaplara ilişkin bilinen üretim merkezlerinin bu bölgede ortaya çıkarılması, bölgedeki yapılarda bu kapları betimleyen erken tarihli tasvirlerin bulunması ve keza ele geçen örneklerin sayısal yoğunluğu bu yaygın kanıyı güçlendiren önemli veriler olarak kabul edilir. Konik kapların ülkemizdeki koleksiyonlar ve kazı buluntuları arasında sınırlı sayıda örneğiyle karşılaşılmaktadır. Kazı buluntularının ağırlıkla fragmanlardan oluşması, müzelerimizde ve özel koleksiyonlarda ise bu kapların benzerlerine nadir olarak rastlanması, konik kapların Anadolu’daki dağılımı ve kullanımı hakkında yeterince bilgi sahibi olmamızı engellemektedir. Bu bağlamda Ödemiş Müzesi cam koleksiyonunda bulunan konik kabın hem sağlam, hem de formuyla sık rastlanmayan bir örnek oluşu önemini daha da arttırır. Müzedeki konik kaba dair yaptığımız karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmeler, objenin kesin olmamakla birlikte 4.-6. yüzyıl arasına tarihlendiğini, olasılıkla bir içki kabı olarak kullanıldığını ve Doğu kökenli olduğunu düşündürmektedir.

References

  • Antonaras 2008 A. Antonaras, “Glass lamps of the Roman and Early Christian Periods. Evidence from the Th essaloniki Area”, Lychnological Acts 2, Trade and Local Production of Lamps from the Prehistory until the Middle Age, Cluj-Napoca, s. 23-30.
  • Barag 1971 D. Barag, “Th e Glass Vessels”, Beth Shearim: Report on the Excavations during 1953-1958, Vol. 3 (ed. N. Avigad), New Brunswick.
  • Baybo 2009 S. Baybo, “Late Antique / Early Byzantine Glass Vessels from Trench Q18 at Limyra: Excavation Seasons 2007-2009”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 189-198
  • Burger 1966 A. Sz. Burger, Th e Late Roman Cemetery at Sagvar, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest, 99-235.
  • Canav-Özgümüş 2009 Ü. Canav-Özgümüş, “Late Roman/ Early Byzantine Glass From the Marmaray Rescue Excavations at Sirkeci, İstanbul”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 17-24.
  • Caron 1997 B. Caron “Roman Figure-Engraved Glass in Th e Metropolitan Museum of Art.” Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 32, 19-50.
  • Contarti 2009 S. Contarti, “Late Antique Glass from Iasos (Caria)”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 123- 132.
  • Crowfoot- Harden 1931 G. M. Crowfoot- D. Harden, Early Byzantine and Later Glass Lamps, Th e Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3/4, 196-208.
  • Czurda-Ruth 2007 B. Czurda-Ruth, Hanghaus 1 in Ephesos Die Gläser, Forschungen in Ephesos VIII/7, Wien.
  • Çakmakçı 2017 Z. Çakmakçı, Ödemiş Müzesi Cam Eser Koleksiyonu, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınları, İzmir.
  • Davidson 1952 G.R.Davidson, Th e Minor Objects, Corinth, Vol.XII, Th e American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey
  • Dothan 1983 M. Dothan, Hammath Tiberias: Early Synagogues and the Hellenistic and Roman Remains, Jerusalem.
  • Edgar 1905 M. C. C. Edgar, Cataloque General des Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Greco-Egyptian Glass, Caire.
  • Evison 1972 V.I. Evison, “Glass cone beakers of the “Kempston” type”, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 14, 48-66.
  • Fleming 1997 S.J. Fleming, “Late Roman Glass at the University of Pennsylvania Museum: A Photo Essay,” Expedition 39.2, 25-41.
  • Fremersdorf 1962 F. Fremersdorf, Die römischen Gläser mit aufgelegten Nuppen, Die Denkmäler des römischen Köln VII.
  • Froehner 1879 F. W. Froehner, La verrerie antique: déscription de la Collection Charvet.
  • Fukai 1977 Persian Glass, (trans. Edna B. Crawford), New York: Weatherhill/Tankosha.
  • Gençler 2009 Ç. Gençler, Elaiussa Sebaste Antik Kenti Cam Buluntuları, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • Güneş 2009 F. Güneş, “Late Antique Glass from the Museum of Kahramanmaraş”, Late Antique/ Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediterrannean, (ed. E. Lafl ı), İzmir, 245-252.
  • Harden 1936 D. Harden, Roman Glass From Karanis, found by the University of Michigan Archaeological Expedition in Egypt, 1924–29, Ann Arbor.
  • Higashi 1990 E. L. Higashi, Conical glass vessels from Karanis: Function and meaning in a Pagan/ Christian context in rural Egypt, Vol.1-2, (Phd Th esis, Th e University of Michigan).
  • Isings 1957 C. Isings, Roman Glass from the dated Finds, Archaelogica Traiectina II, Groningen.
  • Israeli 2003 Y. Israeli, Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum, Th e Eliahu Dobkin Collection and Other Gifts, Th e Israel Musem Jerusalem Lightfoot 2001 C. S. Lightfoot “Greek and Roman Art”, Ars Vitraria: Glass in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 59(1), 18-24.
  • Lith 1988 S. M. E van Lith, Late Roman and Early Merovingian glass from a settlement site at Maastricht (Dutch south Limburg): part 2, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 30, 62-76
  • Morin-Jean 1913 Morin-Jean, La Verrerie en Gaule Sous l’Empire Romain, Essai de Morphologie et de Chronologie, Paris.
  • Newman 1977 H. Newman, An Illustrated Dictionary of Glass, London.
  • Sharabi 2013 N. Sharabi, Lamp and Light in the Ancient Synagogue, (Master Th esis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Th e Institute of Archaeology), Jerusalem.
  • Simpson 2015 S. J. Simpson, Sasanian Glassware from Mesopotamia, Gilan, and the Caucasus, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol. 57, 77-96
  • Weinberg 1988 G.D. Weinberg, Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine, Columbia.
  • Weinberg-Stern 2009 G.D. Weinberg- E. M. Stern, Th e Athenian Agora, Volume XXXIV, Vessel Glass, Th e American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Whitehouse 2003 D. Whitehouse, Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Vol.3, Corning, New York.
  • Whitehouse 2005 D. Whitehouse, Sasanian and post-Sasanian glass in Th e Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York.
  • Whitehouse 2006 D. Whitehouse, A Pocket Dictionary of Terms Commonly Used to Describe Glass and Glassmaking, Th e Corning Museum of Glass, New York.
  • Zori 1967 N. Zori, “Th e Ancient Synagogue at Beth-Shean”, Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Vol. E.L. Sukenik Memorial Volume (1889-1953), 149-167.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Çakmakçı This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Çakmakçı, Z. (2019). Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek. Seleucia(9), 273-302.
AMA Çakmakçı Z. Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek. Seleucia. January 2019;(9):273-302.
Chicago Çakmakçı, Zeynep. “Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar Ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek”. Seleucia, no. 9 (January 2019): 273-302.
EndNote Çakmakçı Z (January 1, 2019) Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek. Seleucia 9 273–302.
IEEE Z. Çakmakçı, “Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek”, Seleucia, no. 9, pp. 273–302, January 2019.
ISNAD Çakmakçı, Zeynep. “Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar Ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek”. Seleucia 9 (January 2019), 273-302.
JAMA Çakmakçı Z. Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek. Seleucia. 2019;:273–302.
MLA Çakmakçı, Zeynep. “Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar Ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek”. Seleucia, no. 9, 2019, pp. 273-02.
Vancouver Çakmakçı Z. Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Cam Üretiminde Konik Kaplar ve Ödemiş Müzesi’nden Bir Örnek. Seleucia. 2019(9):273-302.