Coronavirus: A Biochemical Approach

Abstract

The purpose of this study is; to give information about the biological structure, metabolism and interaction of the Covid-19 agent virus with the defense system; to reveal the relationship between biochemical blood values and the defense system in Covid-19 cases and to update the data on preventing the damage that the virus may cause, in line with scientific developments. Relevant articles found by searching the keywords “SARS-CoV-2” and “Coronavirus” in Pubmed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases and Google Search Engine were included in the study. This virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which originated in Vuhan, China and caused the disease called Covid-19, spread to almost all countries of the world and caused a high number of deaths in a very short time. Using the virus RNA, the infected cell begins to produce proteins that will keep the immune system at bay and help create new copies of the virus. For this reason, monitoring the disease and sharing information all over the world, epidemiological contact history, clinical features, biochemical tests in all blood and urine and other conditions are important evaluations for the treatments of the patient. It is imperative to follow the global situation and to make correct decisions according to the changes in epidemiology and to update the information of employees.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• Covid19
• biochemical tests

Biyokimyasal Açıdan Koronavirüs

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; Covid-19 etkeni virüsün biyolojik yapısı, metabolizması ve savunma sistemiyle etkileşimi hakkında bilgi vermek; Covid-19 vakalarında biyokimyasal kan değerleri ile savunma sistemi ilişkilerini ve virüsün yaratabileceği tahribatları engellemek konusundaki verileri bilimsel gelişmeler doğrultusunda güncelleyerek ortaya koymaktır. Pubmed, Web of Science ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında ve Google Arama Motorunda “SARS-CoV-2” ve “Coronavirus” anahtar kelimeleri aranarak bulunan ilgili makaleler çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. Çin'in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkmış ve Covid-19 adı verilen hastalığa yol açan SARS-CoV-2 olarak adlandırılan bu virüs, dünyanın neredeyse bütün ülkelerine yayılmış ve çok kısa bir sürede yüksek sayıda ölümlere neden olmuştur. Enfekte olan hücre, virüs RNA’sını kullanarak, bağışıklık sistemini uzak tutacak ve virüsün yeni kopyalarını oluşturmaya yardımcı olacak proteinler üretmeye başlar. Süreç dinamiktir ve yeni keşifler ve değişiklikler her an olabilir. Bu nedenle tüm dünyada hastalığın izlenmesi ve bilginin paylaşılması, epidemiyolojik temas öyküsü, klinik özellikler, tüm kan ve idrarda biyokimyasal testler ve diğer durumlar hastanın tedavisi için önemli değerlendirmelerdir. Küresel durumun izlenmesi ve epidemiyolojideki değişimlere göre yerinde ve doğru kararlar alınması ve çalışanlarının bilgilerini güncellemeleri zorunludur.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• Covid19
• biyokimya testleri

References

1. Hoşbul, T., & Şahiner, F. (2020). Genomic and biologic characteristics of SARSCoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Journal of Molecular Virology and Immunology, 1(1), 18-29. https://doi:10.46683/jmvi.2020.2
2. Haksözü, M., Kılıç, S., & Saraç, F. (2020). Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50, 549-556. https://doi:10.3906/sag-2004-127
3. Inal, S. (2016). Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) enfeksiyonu: Ortadoğu solunum yetmezliği sendromu-koronavirüs enfeksiyonu. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi, 32, 37-45. https://doi:10.5222/otd.2016.037
4. Chan, P., & Chan, M. C. (2013). Tracing the SARS-coronavirus. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 5(2), 118-21. https://doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.19
5. Ksiazek, T. G., Erdman, D., Goldsmith, C. S., Zaki, S. R., Peret, T., Emery, S., Tong, S., Urbani, C., Comer, C. J., Lim, W., Rollin, P. E., Dowell, S. F., Ling, A. E., Humphrey C. D., Shieh W. J., Guarner, J., Paddock, C. D., Rota, P., Fields, B., DeRisi, J., Yang, J. Y., Cox, N., Hughes, J. M., LeDuc, J. W., Bellini, W.J., & Anderson L. J. (2003). A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348,1953-1966.
6. Peiris, J. S., Lai, S. T., Poon, L. L., Guan, Y., Yam, L. Y. C., Lim, W., Nicholls, P. J., Yee, W. K. S., Yan, W. W., Cheung, M. T., Cheng, V. C. C., Chan, K. H., Tsang, D. N. C., Yung, R. W. H., Ng, T. K., & Yuen, K. Y. (2003). Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet, 361, 1319-1325. https://doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2
7. McIntosh, K., & Peiris, J. (2009). Coronaviruses. Richman, D., Whitley, R., Hayden, F. (editors). Clinical Virology, 3. Press, 1155-1171.
8. Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R., & Halton, J. (2020). Developing Covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1969-1973. https://doi:10.1056/NEJMp2005630

9. Akbaba, M., Kurt, B., & Nazlıcan, E. (2014). Yeni koronavirüs salgını. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 12(3), 217-227. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.22944
10. Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Li Zhang, L., Xia Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., Xu, L., Zhou, F., Jiang, J., Bai, C., Zheng, J., & Song, Y. (2020). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA internal medicine, 180(7), 934-943. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
11. Smith, J. A., & Judd, J. (2020). COVID‐19: Vulnerability and the power of privilege in a pandemic. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 31(2), 158–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.333
12. Wang, W., Liu, Z., Chen, Z., Huang, X., Xu, M, He, T., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The establishment of reference sequence for SARS-CoV2 and variation analysis. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 667-674. https://doi:10.1002/jmv.25762
13. Emami, A., Javanmaridi, F., Pirbonyeh, N., & Akbari, A. (2020). Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(1), e35.
14. Tükek, M., & Alibeyoğlu, A. M. (2020). Olgularla Covid-19(1). İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi.
15. Lu, R., Yu, X., & Wang, W. (2012). Characterization of human coronavirus etiology in Chinese adults with adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection by real-time RT-PCR assays. Plos One, 7(6). https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038638
16. Liu, Y., Gayle, AA., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), 1-4. https://doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa021
17. Memish, Z. A., Zumla, A. I., & Assiri, A. (2013). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in health care workers. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369(9), 884-886. https://doi:10.1056/NEJMc1308698
18. Patel, A., & Jernigan, D. B. (2020). Initalpublic health response and interim clinical guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak-United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weeakly Report, 69(5), 140-146. https://doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6905e1
19. McIntosh, P. S. (2015). Coronaviruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders, 1928-1936.
20. Shng, J., Ye, G., Shi, K., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Aihara, H., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., & Li, F. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 tarafından reseptör tanımanın yapısal temeli. Doğa, 581, 221–224.
21. Li, G., Fan, Y., & Lia, Y. (2020). Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 424-432. https://doi:10.1002/jmv.25685
22. Shang, J., Ye, G., & Wan, Y. (2020). Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature, 581, 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y
23. Zhang, X., Cai, H., Hu, J., Lian, J., Gu, J., Zhang, S., Ye, C., Lu, Y., Jin. C., Yu, G., Jia, H., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Li, L., & Yang, Y. (2020). Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 81–87.
24. Zeng, W, Liu, G., & Ma, H. (2020). Biochemical characterization of SARSCoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 527(3), 618–623. https://doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.136
25. D'Amico, F., Baumgart, D. C., Danese, S., & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2020). Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and management. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 18(8), 1663-1672. https://doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001
26. Hamming, I., Timens, W., Bulthuis, M. L., Lely, A. T., Navis, G., & Van Goor, H. (2004). Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology, 203(2), 631-7. https://doi:10.1002/path.1570
27. Liu, F., Xu, A., Zhang, Y., Pan, K., Yu, W., & Zhang, J. (2020). Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from susutained Lopinavir combined regimen and the increase of Eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVİD-19 progression. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 95, 183-191. https://doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.013
28. Netland, J., Meyerholz, D. K., Moore, S., Cassell, M., & Perlman, S. (2008). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of Virology, 82(15), 7264-7275. https://doi:10.1128/JVI.00737-08
29. Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zha, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, GF., & Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382,727–733.
30. Malı, Y. A. (2020). Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. The Malaysian Journal of Pathology, 42(1), 3-11.
31. Ahmed, T., Noman, M., Almatroudi, A., Shahid, M., Hurşid, M., Tarik, F., Tahir, M., Qamar, T., Yu, R., & Li, B. (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 assosiated pneumonia in China: Current status and future prospects. Basel, Switzerland: Preprints Organization, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202002.0358.v3.
32. Güven, A., Gülmez, M., Beytut, E., & Erişir, M. (2003). Aterosklerotik farelerde kefir ve yoğurdun lipid peroksidasyonuna ve antioksidan enzimlere etkisi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 79-83.
33. Güven, A., & Alkış, K. (2018) Hiperkolesterolemi oluşturulmuş farelerde kefir ve simvastatin etkilerinin araştırılması. Caucasian Journal of Science, 5(2), 11-16.
34. Kamiloğlu, N. N., Beytut, E., Güven, A., & Altınsaat, Ç. (2006). Changes in the erythrocyte antioxidant system of off spring of dams treated with vitamin A and b–carotene during gestatio. Small Ruminant Research, 65, 142-148.
35. Şanlı, K. (2020). Influenza virüsü ve domuz gribi. Jinekoloji Obstretrik Pediatri Dergisi, 2(1), 4-12.
36. Karameşe, M. (2014). Adenovirus ile obezite arasındaki ilişkinin invitro olarak incelenmesi. (Tez no.379429) [Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi].
37. Çapan, N., Canbakan, S., Yeşiler, İ., Ertürk, A., Ofluoğlu, R., Şimşek, A., Çakmak, S., & Şipit, T. (2013). Influenza A (H1N1) virus enfeksiyonlu on olgunun klinik özellikleri. Solunum, 15(2), 115-119. https://doi:10.5152/solunum.2013.021
38. Liu, R., Ma, Q., Han, H., Su, H., Liu, F., Wu, K., Wang, W., & Zhu, C. (2020). The value of urine biochemical parameters in the prediction of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 58(7), 1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0220
39. Şimşek Yavuz, S. (2020). Yeni Koronavirus (2019-nCoV) İnfeksiyonlarının Epidemiyolojisi ve Klinik Seyri. https://www.klimik.org.tr/koronavirus/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019-nCoV.pdf
40. Şengöz, G. (2013). MERS-CoV Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus. https://www.klimik.org.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/MERSCoV.pdf.
41. Karadağ, G., & Koçyiğit, M. (2019). Vitamin E. D synthesis absorption and metabolism. Yurttagül SM, Editor. Vitamin D. 1st Edition. Ankara: Turkey Clinics 1-5.
42. Ak, Ö. (2020). Soğuk Algınlığından Ölümcül Salgına! Küresel Kâbus. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, Mart 2020, sayi: 628, 13-27.
43. Al-Hazmi, A. (2016). Challenges presented by MERS corona virus, and SARS corona virus to global health. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(4), 507-511. https://doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.02.019
44. Khan, N., & Fahad, S. (2020). Critical review of the present situation of Corona virus in China. Available at SSRN 3543177. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/pape rs.cfm?abstract_id=3543177
45. Rabi F. A., Al Zoubi, M. S., Kasasbeh, G. A., Salameh, D. M., & Al-Nasser, A. D. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: What we know so far. Pathogens, 9, 231, 1-14. https://doi:10.3390/pathogens9030231
46. Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fanı, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Crystal structure of the 2019-nCoV spike receptorbinding domain bound with the ACE2 receptor. BioRxiv, https://doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956235. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956 235v1
47. Jin, Z., Du, X., Xu, Y., Deng, Y., Liu, M., Zhao, Y., Zhang, B., Li, X., Zhang, L., Peng, C., Duan, Y., Yu, J., Wang, L., Yang, K., Liu, F., Jiang, R., Yang, X., You, T., Liu, X., Yang, X., Bai, F., Liu, H., Liu, X., Guddat, L.W., Xu, W., Xiao, G., Qin, C., Shi, Z., Jiang, H., Rao, Z., & Yang, H. (2020). The crystal structure of COVID-19 main protease in complex with an inhibitor N3. PDB: 6LU7. Nature, 582, 289-293. https://doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y