THE ROLE OF THE TURKISH MUSLIMS IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FORMATION OF BENGAL DURING THE SULTANATE PERIOD (1204-1525)

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Müslüman Türklerin saltanat dönemi boyunca (1204-1525) Bengal'in sosyo-kültürel gelişimindeki rolünü analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, Müslüman Türklerin Bengal'de farklı inançlara sahip insanların haklarının korunması, toplumsal eşitlik, adil yargı ve güvenlik gibi temel hakların oluşturulmasına önemli katkılar sağladığını göstermiştir. Dahası, kast sistemi, toplumsal eşitsizlik, hoşgörüsüzlük de dahil olmak üzere Sufilerin adaletsizliğe karşı öğretileri ve kampanyaları, halkın bilincini yükseltmiştir. Farklı dinlerden insanlar, Sufilerin cömertliği, alçakgönüllülüğü ve gündelik yaşam tarzından etkilendikleri için İslam'la ilgi duymaya başlamıştır. Bölgede yaşayan tüm dinlerin inanlarına, diğer dinlere sağlanan liyakat, cömertlik ve işbirliğine dayalı idari faaliyetlere katılma fırsatı verilmiş ve sonuç olarak toplumsal uyum ve dini hoşgörü sağlanmıştır. Eğitim yasağının kaldırılmasıyla evrensel eğitim sistemi tanıtılmış, Bengal Dili ve Edebiyatı geliştirilmiştir. Diğer dinlerin bilginlerine de bilgi arayışında teşvik yapılmış, işbirliğine gidilmiş ve onlara saygı duyulmuştur. İzole Bengaliler birleşerek Türk İlyas Şahi hanedanlığı döneminde bir ulus olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Müslüman Türklerin Bengal toplumunun ve kültürünün hemen her kesiminin gelişimine katkıda bulunduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Müslüman Türkler
• Bengal
• toplum
• Kültür
• Eğitim
• kalkınma.

THE ROLE OF THE TURKISH MUSLIMS IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FORMATION OF BENGAL DURING THE SULTANATE PERIOD (1204-1525)

Abstract

This research analyzes the role of Turks in the socio-cultural development of Bengal during the Sultanate Period (1204-1525). The study showed that Turkish Muslims contributed significantly to the establishment of fundamental rights in Bengal, such as protecting the rights of people of all faiths, social equality, a fair judiciary, and security. Moreover, the teachings and campaign of Sufis against injustice, including the caste system, social inequality, intolerance, raised public consciousness and people of different religions became interested in Islam as they were fascinated by Sufis' generosity, humility, and normal lifestyle. Followers of all religions were given the opportunity to participate in administrative activities based on merit, generosity, and cooperation provided to other religions; as a result, communal harmony and religious tolerance were achieved. The universal education system was introduced as well as Bengali language and literature were developed. Scholars of other religions were also encouraged, engaged, and respected in the pursuit of knowledge. The isolated areas of Bengal were united for the first time, and the Bengalis formed a nation under the reign of the Turkish Ilyas Shahi dynasty. The study concludes that Turkish Muslims contributed to the development of almost every section of Bengali society and culture.

Keywords

• Turkish Muslims
• Bengal
• Society
• Culture
• Education
• Development.

References

1. Majumdar, RC (ed.). 1960. The Delhi Sultanate. 1st ed. Calcutta: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2. Abdul Karim. 1959. “‘Early Muslim Rulers in Bengal and Their Non-Muslim Subjects (Down to A.D.1538).’” in Journal of Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Dhaka Vol. IV: 73–83. ———. 1999. Bangle Itihas: Muslim Bijy Theke Sipahi Bidrho Porjonto (History of Bengal: From Muslim Conquest to Sepoy Revolution,1200-1858 AD). 2nd ed. Dhaka, Boral Publication.
3. Abu Bakar Siddiq and Ahsan Habib. 2017. “Artuklu Human and Social Science Journal.” 1(2): 76–80.
4. Ahsan, A. A. 1986. “Spread of Islam in Pre-Mughal Bengal.” In Seminar Papers vol-I: International Seminar on Islamic History, Art & Culture in South Asia: Marth 26-28 1: 139.
5. Altekar, A S. 1977. State and Government in Ancient India. 2nd ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
6. Avari, Burjor. 2013. Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent, 1st ed. ‎ Routledge.
7. Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. 1926. The Origin And Development Of The Bengali Language. ed. First. Calcutta: Calcutta university press, 1926.
8. Choudhury, Serajul Islam. 2003. Bangladesher Itihas 1204-1971 (History of Bangladesh ). 1st ed. Dhaka: Bangladesh Asiatic society.

9. Chowdhury, M. Abdul Mu’min. 2008. The Rise and Fall of Buddhism in South Asia: A Study in History. 1st ed. London: London Institute of South Asia.
10. Dani, A. H. 1961. Muslim Architecture in Bengal. First. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Pakistan.
11. Eaton, Richard Maxwell. 1993. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. 1st ed. University of California Press.
12. Elius, Mohammad. 2020. “Muslim Treatment of Other Religions in Medieval Bengal.” SAGE Open 10(4).
13. Haq, Muhammad Enamul. 1957. Muslim Bengali Literature. 1st ed. Dacca: Pakistan Publications.
14. Hasan, Perween. 1989. “Sultanate Mosques and Continuity in Bengal Architecture.” Brill Vol. 6: 58–74.
15. Hasan, S. M. “Religious Pluralism in Sultanate Bengal.” Bangladesh Historical Studies XXIII: 35–39.
16. Husain, A. B. M. 2007. Sthapotto, (Architecture). 1st ed. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
17. Islam, Md. Thowhidul. 2017. “An Outline of Educational System Developed in Muslim Bengal Under the Turko-Afghan Sultanate (1204-1576).” UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 4(2): 10–23.
18. Jaffar, S. M. 1936. Education in Muslim India: Being an Inquiry Into the State of Education During the Muslim Period of Indian History, 1000-1800 A.C. FIRST. Lahore, Pakistan.: Ripon printing press, bull road, Lahore.
19. Jhunu Bagchi. 1993. The History and Culture of the Palas of Bengal and Bihar: Cir. 750 A.D.- Cir. 1200 A.D. New Delhi,: Abhinav Publ.
20. K, Kaur. 1990. Madrasa Education in India : A Study of Its Past and Present. 1st ed. India: Centre for Research in Rural & Industrial Development,.
21. Karim, A. 1992. History of Bengal: Mughal Period. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi.
22. ———. 1995. History of Bengal: Mughal Period. first. , Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi.
23. Kosambi, D.D. 1991. The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline. Lahore: Meridian Books.
24. Lane-Poole, Stanley. 1988. The Moors in Spain. T. Fisher Unwin, London.
25. Law, Narendra Nath. 1916. Promotion of Learning in India during Muhammadan Rule. University of California Libraries.
26. Long, J. 1868. Adam’s Report on Vernacular Education in Bengal and Bihar, Calcutta.
27. M. Abdul Mu’min Chowdhury. 2011. “Reflections on Islamisation in Bengal, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology,.” Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 8: 45–50.
28. Al Masud, A., Abdullah, M. F., & Amin, M. R. 2017. “The Contributions of Sufism in Promoting Religious Harmony in Bangladesh.” Jurnal Usuluddin (45(2)): 105–21.
29. Mohammad Abdul Mannan. 1994. Amader Jatisottaer Bikas (The Development of Our Ethnicity). 1st ed. Dhaka: kamiab Publications.
30. Mohammad Mohar Ali. 1985. History of the Muslims of Bengal. Vol. I A, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, First Edition.
31. Mukherjee, R. 2009. “Mobility in the Bay of Bengal World: Medieval Raiders, Traders, States and the Slaves.” Indian Historical Review (36 (1), s.): 109–29.
32. Rahim, M, A. 1963. Social and Cultural History of Bengal (157-1857), vo 2. first edit. Dhaka, Pakistan Historical Society, Karachi : Pakistan Publishing House.
33. Riaz, Ali. 2011. “Madrassah Education in Pre-Colonial and Colonial South Asia.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 46(1): 69–86.
34. Saklain, Shaheed. 1993. Bangladeshi Sufi Sadhak [Sufis and Holy Men of Bangladesh, in Bengali]. 1st ed. DHAKA: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
35. Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, (ed). 1948. The History of Bengal (Vol-2) Muslim Period 1200 AD-1757 AD, 1st ed. Dhaka: The University of Dacca, Ramna.
36. Schimmel, Annemarie. 1980. Islam in the Indian Subcontinent,. Nederland: leiden.
37. Sen, Dinesh Chandra. 1911. History Of Bengali Language And Literature V1: A Series Of Lectures Delivered As Reader To The Calcutta University. ed. 1st. ‎ Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
38. ———. 1928. Brihat Bongo (Great The Benga) (1st & 2nd Volume). 1st ed. India: Neshchandra Sen, Devaj Publishing (India).
39. ———. Greater Bengal ( Bengal Book : Brihat Banga ). Fırst. Kolkata: Dey’s Publishing.
40. Siraj, Minhaj-us –. 1970. Tabaqat-I- Nasiri, Translated by Major H. G. Ravert, Vol, 1, 1st ed. ed. by Major H. G. Ravert. New Delhi: Oriental Books Corporation Publishers.
41. Sultana, Mohammad Abdul Qayyum and Razia. 2009. The Dictionary of the Main and Medieval Bengali Language, First. Dhaka, Bangla Academy.
42. Taher, Abu. 2003. “43. Abu Taher, Online Access: 7.9. 2021.” Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.
43. Tarafdar, Momtazur Rahman. 1956. Husain Shahi Bengal 1494-1538 A.D. - A Socio-Political Study. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Pakistan.