Research Article
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Tanrı'nın Dişil Sıfatlarla Nitelendirilmesi

Year 2024, Issue: 34, 458 - 487, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1418963
An Erratum to this article was published on December 15, 2024. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sirnakifd/issue/88138/1584249

Abstract

Bu çalışma, tarihsel bağlamdan hareketle, Monoeistik dinlerde ağırlıklı olarak Hiristiyanlıkta Tanrı'nın eril veya dişil sıfatlarla tasvir edilmesi sorununu incelemektedir. Sorun temelde Teistik dinlerde ataerkil sosyo-kültürel arkaplandan beslenen eril bir Tanrı tasvirinin feminist perspektif açısından sorgulanmasını temel almaktadır. Ağırlıklı olarak Hristiyanlık ve daha sınırlı olarak Yahudilik ve İslam'dan örnekleri inceleyen çalışma, Tanrı tasvirinde kullanılan dini teolojik dilin özelliklerini analiz etmektedir. Sorun temelde ilahi olanı dile getirme ve isimlendirme sorunu olarak ortaya çıktığından, çalışma Tanrı'nın eril ya da dişil olarak nitelendirmenin kavramsal analiziyle başlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda Tarihsel olarak geriye gidildiğinde, arkeolojik ve antropolojik kanıtlar, Tanrı'yı tanımlamak için kullanılan dilin başlangıçta dişil ağırlıklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Zaman içinde, özellikle teistik dinlerde bu dilin eril olana dönüştüğünü savunan Feminist yaklaşım bu tarihsel değişimin kadınların sosyal ve kültürel olarak dışlanmasında önemli bir etken olduğunu iddia eder. Bu iddiaya karşı çalışma, teolojik eril dilin etkin tarihsel belirleyiciliğine rağmen, feminen ilahi nitelemenin de hem teistik hem de teistik olmayan geleneklerde varlığını sürdürdüğü iddiasını temellendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda Tanrı'yı maddi olmayan bir varlık olarak benimseyen Monoeistik Dinlerin Kutsal Kitaplarında Tanrıya dair insanbiçimci veya cinsiyetçi betimlemeler metaforik, analojik veya sembolik olarak yorumlanmıştır. Tanrı özellikle sözkonusu dinlerin mistik geleneklerinde geleneklerde yalnızca bir baba ya da erkek figürü ile değil, aynı zamanda dişil niteliklerle de tasvir edilmiştir. Söz konusu dinlerin mistik gelenekleri ilahi olanı betimlemede dişil nitelikleri daha yoğun bir şekilde öne çıkarmışlardır. Bu gelenekler Tanrısal güzelliğin ve rahmetin en üst düzeyde kadında ve varlığın dişil boyutunda tezahür ettiğini savunurlar. Bunlardan kökleri Yahudi mistisizmine dayanan Nag Hammadi geleneği Tanrısal olanın sevgi ve şefkate dayanan dişil yönlerine vurgu yapar. Bu gelenekte Tanrı tasavvuru cinsiyetle sınırlandırılmaz;Tanrı'nın özü hem eril hem de dişil nitelikleri kapsar. Meister Eckhart ve Norwichli Julian gibi Ortaçağ Hıristiyan mistikleri de ilahi olana dair tecrübelerindeTanrı'nın dişil yönüne vurgu yapmışlardır. Yazılarında ilahi olanın kadınsal yönünü vurgulamışlardır. Kur’anda tenzih-teşbih dengesi ve uyumu üzerinden şekillen Tanrı tasavvuru İslam Tasavvufunda ibn Arabi geleneğiyle birlikte ilahi olanın dişil tasviri öne çıkmaktadır. İbn Arabi'nin yazıları kadını ve varlığın dişil vechini ilahi sıfatları yansıtan bir ayna olarak yüceltmektedir. İbn Farid, Mevlana ve Davud el-Kayseri de mistik deneyimlerinde kadınsal olanı öne çıkarmışlardır. Bunlar yaratılışın dişil yönlerinde Tanrı'nın varlığını görmüşlerdir. Daha az bilinen bir figür olan Molla al-Ceziri, İlahi bir ayna olarak kadın temasını yoğun bir şekilde ele almıştır. Sonuç olarak Çalışmanın perspektifi, teolojinin ataerkil bir dilin egemenliğinden kurtarılarak dişil yönünün ortaya çıkarılması için yeniden yorumlanması gerektiğini savunan feminist teolojik yaklaşımı paylaşmaktadır. Bu amaçla Tanrı’ya dair dişil dilin tarihsel kullanımı hakkında üç teistik dinin mistik geleneklerinden örnekler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca belirli zaman dilimlerini, yaklaşımları ve bireyleri inceleyerek daha fazla araştırma yapılmasını önermektedir.

Thanks

Teşekkür ederiz. Çalışmalarınızda kolaylıklar dileriz.

References

  • Al-Jaziri, Mula Ahmad. Diwan. Trs. (Kurdish-Turkish) Osman Tunç. Istanbul: Nûbihar, 2011
  • Alkış Abdurrahim. Melayê Cizîrînin Dîvanında Tasavvufî Mazmûnlar. İstanbul: Nûbihar, 2014
  • Alston, William P. "Literal and Nonliteral in Reports of Mystical exprerience" Mysticism and Language. Ed. Steven T. Katz, (pp.80-102). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992
  • Arvas, Hamdullah. “Boundaries of Mulla Ahmad al-Jazarî’s Methapysics on the Context of the Philosophical Paradigims”, Academic Research and Reviews in Social, Humanities, and Administrative Sciences, (pp. 451-476).Ankara: Platanus Publishing, 2023
  • Austin, R.W.J. “The Feminine Dimensions in Ibn ‘Arabi’s Thought” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society, (pp. 5-14). JMIAS vol. 2, 1984
  • Burns, Elizabeth. “Classical and revisionary theism on the divine as personal: a rapprochement?”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. (pp.151-152). Vol. 78, Springer, October 2015
  • Claassens, L. Juliana M. “Rupturing God-Language: The Metaphor of God as Midwife in Psalm 22”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. (pp.166-175). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • Chan, Simon. “Father Knows Best: Language of God's Fatherhood Communicates. Something Essential about His Nature”. Christianity Today 57, no. 6 July– August 2013
  • Charlesworth, James. Translation of The Odes of Solomon. (Ode 19, 1-7) Oxford: Clarendon press, 1973
  • Daly, Mary. Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of women’s Liberation. Boston: Beacon, 1973
  • Daoud, Amani Suleiman. Al-Osloubiyya wa’l Sufiyyah: Dirase fî şi’r Al-Huseyin ibn Mansur al-Hallac. Umman: Dar’ul Macdalawî, 2002
  • Day, Linda. “Wisdom, and Feminine in the Hebrew Bible”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfield. (pp.114-127). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • DKB15/LM14; Standfor Encylopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics
  • Fenves, Peter. The Genesis of Judgment: Spatialty, Analogy, and Metaphor in Benjamin’s ‘on Language as Such and on Human Language’. Ed. David S. Ferris. Walter Benjamin: Theoretical Questions. (pp.75-94). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996
  • Hartland, Judith. Language and Thought. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991
  • Harvey, Susan A. “Embodiment in Time and Eternity: A Syriac Perspective”. Ed. Eugene F. Rogers jr. Theology and Sexuality: Classic and Contemporary Readings. (pp.3-22). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2002
  • Hook, Donald D. and Alvin F. Kimel, Jr. “Calling God ‘Father’, A Theolinguistic Analysis”. Faith and Philosophy, Vol. 12 No. 2 April 1995, pp. 207-222
  • Isherwood, Lisa and Dorothea McEwan. Introducting Feminist Theology. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993
  • Jule, Allison. A Beginer's Guide to Language And Gender. Toronto/Clevedon/Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2008
  • Koç, Turan. Din Dili. Kayseri: Rey Yayıncılık, 2008
  • Lewis, Dawid K. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge: Harward University Press, 1969
  • Lutfi, Huda. “Feminine Element in Ibn 'Arabī's Mystical Philosophy”, Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 5, (Cairo: American University Press, Spring, 1985), pp. 7-19.
  • Neimann, Theresa. The Five-Thousand-Years Search For a Way to Describe the Feminine Nature of God. A Study in the History of Language. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2014
  • Neuger, Christie Cozad. “Imagine and Imagination: why Inclusive Language Matters”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. (pp. 153-165). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • O’Connor, Kathleen M. “The Feminist Movement Meets the Old Testament: One Women’s Perspective”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging The Bible in a Gendered World: an Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. (pp.3-24). Louisville-London: Westminster John Knox Press. 2006
  • Paulson, Steven D. “Calling upon the Name of God: Father as Personal Name”. Word & World 36, no. 1, 2016
  • Reid, Lucy. She Changes Everythings: Seeking a Divine on a Feminist Path. New York: T and T Clark International, 2005
  • Schimmel, Annemarie. My Soul is a Woman Trs. Susan H. Ray. New York: Continuum, 1997
  • Schungel-Straumann, Helen. “The Feminine Face of God”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler, Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • Sheldrake, Philip. “Spirituality and Sexism”. Ed. Richard Holloway, Who Needs Feminism? Men Respond to Sexism in the Church. London: SPCK, 1991
  • Smith, Paul R. Is It Okay to Call God “Mother?”: Considering the Feminine Face of God. Peabody MA.: Hendrickson, 1993
  • Spencer, Aida Besançon. “Does God Have a Nature” Priscilla Papers. Vol. 24, No. 2. Spring 2010
  • Stone, Merlin. When God was a Woman. San Diego: Harvest/Harcourt Brace, 1976
  • Tekcan, Münevver. “An Overview of God and Gender in Religion”. Ed. Allyson Jule. Gender and the Language of Religion. (pp.9-24). New York: Pagrave Macmillan, 2005
  • Turan, Abdulbaki M. Melayê Cizîrî Dîvanı ve Şerhi. İstanbul: Nubihar, 2011
  • Wren, Brian. What Language Shall I Borrow? God-Talk in Worship: A Male Response to Feminist Theology. London: SCM, 1989

Feminen Characterization of The God

Year 2024, Issue: 34, 458 - 487, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1418963
An Erratum to this article was published on December 15, 2024. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sirnakifd/issue/88138/1584249

Abstract

This study investigates how monotheistic religions depict God with masculine or feminine attributes, considering historical context. The issue arises from questioning the portrayal of a masculine God within these religions, influenced by a patriarchal socio-cultural backdrop. Instances mainly from Christianity and lesser from Judaism and Islam, the study analyzes the characteristics of religious theological language used in the depiction of God. In this context, we explore the linguistic challenge encountered by religious traditions when employing anthropomorphic language. Since the core issue revolves around expressing and labeling the divine, the paper initiates with a conceptual examination of God’s characterization as either masculine or feminine. In this analysis, tracing back historically, archaeological and anthropological evidence indicates that language used to describe God was initially predominantly feminine. Feminist perspectives contend that over time, particularly within monotheistic religions, this language has become masculine and that this historical shift has been a major factor in the social and cultural exclusion of women. Against this claim, the study aims to substantiate the claim that despite the effective historical dominance of the theological masculine language, the feminine divine image persists in both theistic and non-theistic traditions. Both the Holy Scriptures and early theological writings occasionally employ feminine language when discussing God, although less frequently than masculine language. Within this context, anthropomorphic depictions of God in the Holy Books of monotheistic religions—where God is perceived as an immaterial being—are interpreted metaphorically, analogically, or symbolically. In particular, the mystical traditions of these religions have emphasized feminine qualities more intensely in their depiction of the divine. They portray God not only as a father or male figure but also with feminine attributes, such as a mother, lover, or friend. These traditions contend that qualities like divine beauty and mercy find their fullest expression in women and the feminine manifestation of existence. Notably, the Nag Hammadi tradition, rooted in Jewish mysticism, highlights the feminine dimensions of the divine, emphasizing love and compassion. Medieval Christian mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Julian of Norwich also emphasized the feminine dimension of God in their experience of the divine. Similarly, within Islamic Sufism, influenced by the Our’an’s balance and harmony of tanzih(exoneratin God from human attributes) and tashbih (drawing similitude) the Ibn Arabi tradition, emphasizing the feminine portrayal of the divine. They recognized the divine presence within the feminine elements of creation. Additionally, a lesser-known figure, Molla al-Jaziri, dealt extensively with the theme of woman as a divine mirror. This study aimed aligns with the feminist theological approach, advocating for the reinterpretation of theological and religious language in order to liberate it from the dominance of a patriarchal language and reveal its feminine aspect. Additionally, study also suggests further research by examining specific time periods, approaches and individual scholars’ perspectives.

References

  • Al-Jaziri, Mula Ahmad. Diwan. Trs. (Kurdish-Turkish) Osman Tunç. Istanbul: Nûbihar, 2011
  • Alkış Abdurrahim. Melayê Cizîrînin Dîvanında Tasavvufî Mazmûnlar. İstanbul: Nûbihar, 2014
  • Alston, William P. "Literal and Nonliteral in Reports of Mystical exprerience" Mysticism and Language. Ed. Steven T. Katz, (pp.80-102). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992
  • Arvas, Hamdullah. “Boundaries of Mulla Ahmad al-Jazarî’s Methapysics on the Context of the Philosophical Paradigims”, Academic Research and Reviews in Social, Humanities, and Administrative Sciences, (pp. 451-476).Ankara: Platanus Publishing, 2023
  • Austin, R.W.J. “The Feminine Dimensions in Ibn ‘Arabi’s Thought” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society, (pp. 5-14). JMIAS vol. 2, 1984
  • Burns, Elizabeth. “Classical and revisionary theism on the divine as personal: a rapprochement?”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. (pp.151-152). Vol. 78, Springer, October 2015
  • Claassens, L. Juliana M. “Rupturing God-Language: The Metaphor of God as Midwife in Psalm 22”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. (pp.166-175). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • Chan, Simon. “Father Knows Best: Language of God's Fatherhood Communicates. Something Essential about His Nature”. Christianity Today 57, no. 6 July– August 2013
  • Charlesworth, James. Translation of The Odes of Solomon. (Ode 19, 1-7) Oxford: Clarendon press, 1973
  • Daly, Mary. Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of women’s Liberation. Boston: Beacon, 1973
  • Daoud, Amani Suleiman. Al-Osloubiyya wa’l Sufiyyah: Dirase fî şi’r Al-Huseyin ibn Mansur al-Hallac. Umman: Dar’ul Macdalawî, 2002
  • Day, Linda. “Wisdom, and Feminine in the Hebrew Bible”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfield. (pp.114-127). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • DKB15/LM14; Standfor Encylopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics
  • Fenves, Peter. The Genesis of Judgment: Spatialty, Analogy, and Metaphor in Benjamin’s ‘on Language as Such and on Human Language’. Ed. David S. Ferris. Walter Benjamin: Theoretical Questions. (pp.75-94). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996
  • Hartland, Judith. Language and Thought. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991
  • Harvey, Susan A. “Embodiment in Time and Eternity: A Syriac Perspective”. Ed. Eugene F. Rogers jr. Theology and Sexuality: Classic and Contemporary Readings. (pp.3-22). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2002
  • Hook, Donald D. and Alvin F. Kimel, Jr. “Calling God ‘Father’, A Theolinguistic Analysis”. Faith and Philosophy, Vol. 12 No. 2 April 1995, pp. 207-222
  • Isherwood, Lisa and Dorothea McEwan. Introducting Feminist Theology. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993
  • Jule, Allison. A Beginer's Guide to Language And Gender. Toronto/Clevedon/Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2008
  • Koç, Turan. Din Dili. Kayseri: Rey Yayıncılık, 2008
  • Lewis, Dawid K. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge: Harward University Press, 1969
  • Lutfi, Huda. “Feminine Element in Ibn 'Arabī's Mystical Philosophy”, Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 5, (Cairo: American University Press, Spring, 1985), pp. 7-19.
  • Neimann, Theresa. The Five-Thousand-Years Search For a Way to Describe the Feminine Nature of God. A Study in the History of Language. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2014
  • Neuger, Christie Cozad. “Imagine and Imagination: why Inclusive Language Matters”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. (pp. 153-165). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • O’Connor, Kathleen M. “The Feminist Movement Meets the Old Testament: One Women’s Perspective”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler. Engaging The Bible in a Gendered World: an Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. (pp.3-24). Louisville-London: Westminster John Knox Press. 2006
  • Paulson, Steven D. “Calling upon the Name of God: Father as Personal Name”. Word & World 36, no. 1, 2016
  • Reid, Lucy. She Changes Everythings: Seeking a Divine on a Feminist Path. New York: T and T Clark International, 2005
  • Schimmel, Annemarie. My Soul is a Woman Trs. Susan H. Ray. New York: Continuum, 1997
  • Schungel-Straumann, Helen. “The Feminine Face of God”. Eds. Linda Day and Carolyn Pressler, Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Introduction to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006
  • Sheldrake, Philip. “Spirituality and Sexism”. Ed. Richard Holloway, Who Needs Feminism? Men Respond to Sexism in the Church. London: SPCK, 1991
  • Smith, Paul R. Is It Okay to Call God “Mother?”: Considering the Feminine Face of God. Peabody MA.: Hendrickson, 1993
  • Spencer, Aida Besançon. “Does God Have a Nature” Priscilla Papers. Vol. 24, No. 2. Spring 2010
  • Stone, Merlin. When God was a Woman. San Diego: Harvest/Harcourt Brace, 1976
  • Tekcan, Münevver. “An Overview of God and Gender in Religion”. Ed. Allyson Jule. Gender and the Language of Religion. (pp.9-24). New York: Pagrave Macmillan, 2005
  • Turan, Abdulbaki M. Melayê Cizîrî Dîvanı ve Şerhi. İstanbul: Nubihar, 2011
  • Wren, Brian. What Language Shall I Borrow? God-Talk in Worship: A Male Response to Feminist Theology. London: SCM, 1989
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Ideas
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Ibrahim Bor 0000-0002-7824-3227

Early Pub Date June 14, 2024
Publication Date June 15, 2024
Submission Date January 12, 2024
Acceptance Date June 11, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 34

Cite

ISNAD Bor, Ibrahim. “Feminen Characterization of The God”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 34 (June 2024), 458-487. https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1418963.

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