Theoretical Article
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Post-hümanist İnovasyon: Gig Ekonomi Özelinde Moto Kuryeli Teslimat Sektörü Örneklemi

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 22 - 41, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Nihayetinde insanların refahına yönelen, ancak kısıtlı ve ayrıcalıklı kitlelere fayda sağlamaktan öteye gidemeyen yönetsel çalışmalara yeni bakışlar gerekli. Dünyada insan nüfusunun yedi milyarı aşması ile yaşanan aşırı kaynak tüketimi, küresel ısınma, biyoçeşitliliğin yitimi ve türlerin kırımı gibi krizlerin aşılabilmesi için yönetim çalışmalarına alternatifler getirilmelidir. Değer odaklı bir süreç olması beklenen inovasyona post-hümanist bir yaklaşım, ihtiyaç duyulan yeni bakışlar setine bir alternatif olarak dahil edilebilir. Bu çalışma, insan odaklı inovasyonun da ötesine geçerek post-hümanist bir anlayışla doğa, insan ve teknolojinin ortak varoluşunu önemseyen bir inovasyona odaklanıyor. İnovasyon sürecinin tüm canlıların yaşama hakkını koruyacak ve garanti altına alacak yaklaşımlarla yürütülmesine yönelik değerlerin geliştirilmesi ve yerleştirilmesi olarak post-hümanist inovasyon, hem insanların hem de insan haricindeki tüm canlıların maruz kaldığı sömürü mekanizmaları görünür kılabilir ve bunları durduracak önerilerin sunulmasına yardımcı olabilir. Biz de, post-hümanist inovasyonun kapsamını ve yönetsel yaklaşımlardaki muhtemel dönüştürücü etkilerini ele aldık. Yapay zeka kullanarak gelişen ve inovasyona dayalı büyüyen bir sektör olan gig ekonomi üzerinden post-hümanist inovasyona olan gereksinimi ortaya koyduk. Bunun için de pandemi döneminde hak ihlallerinin yoğun olarak gözlemlenmekte olduğu moto kuryeli teslimat sektörüne odaklandık. Gig ekonominin insan, doğa ve teknoloji arasındaki dengesiz ilişkileri teşvik edici olmasına mercek tutarak, teknoloji odaklı inovasyondan post-hümanist inovasyona geçişte değerler önerdik.

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References

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  • BBC (2019). What is Extinction Rebellion and what does it want?, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48607989 (17 Nisan 2021)
  • Carter, N. (2013). Greening the mainstream: party politics and the environment. Environmental Politics, 22(1), 73-94.
  • Cherry, E. (2006). Veganism as a cultural movement: A relational approach. Social Movement Studies, 5(2), 155-170.
  • Coke, H. (2020). Study finds Extinction Rebellion protestors were mostly middle-class southerners. Available at: https://www.tatler.com/article/extinction-rebellion-protestors-mostly-middle-class-southerners-privileged-climate-activist-movement (21 Nisan 2021)
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  • Erbil, C. (2017). “Sosyal Fayda Yaratma Arzusu Sosyal Girişimciliğin Esasıdır”: Sosyal Girişimci/lik Mitleri ve İdeolojisi ⎯ Barthesian Bir Analiz. 25. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Ankara.
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  • Fridays For Fortune (2021). Our Demands. Available at: https://fridaysforfuture.org/what-we-do/our-demands/ (18 Nisan 2021)
  • Frodeman, R. (2019). Transhumanism, Nature, and the Ends of Science: A Critique of Technoscience. New York: Routledge.
  • Gençoğlu Onbaşı, F. (2016). Gezi Park protests in Turkey: from ‘enough is enough’to counter-hegemony?. Turkish Studies, 17(2), 272-294.
  • Gibney, E. (2016). When the human in humanism isn’t Enough. Humanist, 76(2), 12-17.
  • Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological bulletin, 136(3), 351.
  • GSMA (2019). Connected Women - The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2019. Available at: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GSMA-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2019.pdf (19 Nisan 2021)
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  • Haraway, D. (2008). When Species Meet. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Haraway, D. (1994). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. The postmodern turn: New perspectives on social theory, 82-115.
  • Hauskeller, M. (2016). How to Become a Post-Dog. Animals in Transhumanism. Between the Species, 20(1), 25-37.
  • Hirshman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Harvard University Press.
  • Hürriyet (2021). Getir'e 300 milyon dolar yatırım. Available at: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/getire-300-milyon-dolar-yatirim-41772748 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • ITU (2020). Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figure 2020. Available at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2020.pdf (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Kotzé, L. J., & Calzadilla, P. V. (2017). Somewhere between Rhetoric and Reality: Environmental Constitutionalism and the Rights of Nature in Ecuador. Transnational Environmental Law, 6(3), 401-433.
  • Knight, C., & Sang, K. (2020). ‘At home, he’s a pet, at work he’s a colleague and my right arm’: police dogs and the emerging posthumanist agenda. Culture and Organization, 26(5-6), 355-371.
  • Köybaşı, S. (2018). Yeni̇ Bir Anayasal Hak Öznesi̇ Olarak Hayvan. Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 7(14), 357-422.
  • Lalander, R. (2014). Rights of nature and the indigenous peoples in Bolivia and Ecuador: A Straitjacket for Progressive Development Politics?. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 3(2), 148-172.
  • LeBow, E. W., & Cherney, D. (2015). The role of animal welfare legislation in shaping child protection in the United States. International Journal of Education and Social Services, 2(6), 35-44.
  • Levin, S. B. (2020). Posthuman Bliss?: The Failed Promise of Transhumanism. Oxford University Press.
  • Litfin, K. T. (2014). Ecovillages: Lessons for sustainable community. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mellamphy, N. B. (2021). Humans “in the Loop”?: Human-Centrism, Posthumanism, and AI. Nature and Culture, 16(1), 11-27.
  • Mellino, E., Boutaud C. & Davies, G. (2021). Deliveroo riders can earn as little as £2 an hour during shifts, as boss stands to make £500m. Available at: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2021-03-25/deliveroo-riders-earning-as-little-as-2-pounds (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Mert, A. (2019). The trees in Gezi Park: environmental policy as the focus of democratic protests. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 21(5), 593-607.
  • Neate (2020). Billionaires' wealth rises to $10.2 trillion amid Covid crisis. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/07/covid-19-crisis-boosts-the-fortunes-of-worlds-billionaires (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Oberson, X. (2019). Taxing Robots. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Özkaynak, B., Aydιn, C. İ., Ertör-Akyazι, P., & Ertör, I. (2015). The Gezi Park resistance from an environmental justice and social metabolism perspective. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 26(1), 99-114.
  • Pedersen, E. R., & Neergaard, P. (2006). Caveat emptor–let the buyer beware! Environmental labelling and the limitations of ‘green’consumerism. Business strategy and the Environment, 15(1), 15-29.
  • Photis, R. M. (2021). The Turquoise Brick Road: Navigate the eight universal stages of human development with eight lively, illustrated stories of challenge and success. Rhys Marc Photis
  • Prassl, J. (2018). Humans as a service: The promise and perils of work in the gig economy. Oxford University Press.
  • Protection of Animal Act (1911). Protection of Animal Act. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/27 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Protection of Children Act (1978). Protection of Children Act. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/37 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Ruby, M. B. (2012). Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite, 58(1), 141-150.
  • Sang, K., Knight, C., Hamilton, E. L., & Sayers, E. J. (2016). Human and nonhuman actors within organisations: Feminist analyses. 9th Biennial International Interdisciplinary conference, Keele University, UK.
  • Sayers, J., Hamilton, L., & Sang, K. (2019). Organizing animals: Species, gender and power at work. Gender, Work and Organization, 26(3), 239-245.
  • Snider, L. (2018). Enabling exploitation: law in the gig economy. Critical Criminology, 26(4), 563-577.
  • Sorell, T. (2013). Scientism: Philosophy and the infatuation with science. Routledge.
  • Sollund, R. (2020). Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity?. Social Sciences, 9(6), 1-16.
  • Tanasescu, M. (2017). When a river is a person: from Ecuador to New Zealand, nature gets its day in court. Available at: https://theconversation.com/when-a-river-is-a-person-from-ecuador-to-new-zealand-nature-gets-its-day-in-court-79278 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Tokeshi, M. (2009). Species coexistence: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Toynbee, A. (1972). The religious background of the present environmental crisis: a viewpoint. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 3(1-4), 141-146.
  • UNDP (2021). The 17 Goals. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (18Nisan 2021)
  • Vaughan, A. (2020). Extinction Rebellion were not veteran protesters, new analysis shows. Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2248729-extinction-rebellion-were-not-veteran-protesters-new-analysis-shows/#ixzz6sUxx0BJ4 (21 Nisan 2021)
  • we are social (2019). Digital in 2019. Available at: https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019 (19 Nisan 2021) Wolfe, C. (2010). What is posthumanism? (Vol. 8). Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Yılman, S. (2021). Gri pasaportlu kaçak: “Ne suçum var? Ben bana sunulan olanağı kullandım!”. Available at: https://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/sevilay-yilman-2383/3044149-gri-pasaportlu-kacak-ne-sucum-var-ben-bana-sunulan-olanagi-kullandim- (21 Nisan 2021)

Post-hümanist İnovasyon: Gig Ekonomi Özelinde Moto Kuryeli Teslimat Sektörü Örneklemi

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 22 - 41, 30.06.2021

Abstract

There are calls for innovative perspectives that promote human welfare in the field of management studies. However, these calls tend to prioritize human welfare over nature and technology. In this paper, as an alternative, we propose the post-humanist approach to innovation, which offers to consider the excessive resource consumption, the misuse of technology, the global warming, the loss of biodiversity and the extinction of species, which are exacerbated with the global human population exceeding seven billion. By going beyond human-centred innovation, this paper considers the relationship between nature, humans and technology with a post-humanist understanding and attaches importance to the coexistence paradigm. Post-humanist innovation that decentred human interests may make the exploitation of all life forms, nature and technology visible and help develop the precautions to prevent such exploitation. We discuss the scope of post-humanist innovation and its possible transformative effects on management approaches. We demonstrate the need for post-humanist innovation by examining the gig economy, a growing industry which is driven by artificial intelligence (AI) led innovation. To this end, we bring our focus closer to the AI led courier delivery industry, and problematise the exploitation that was observed in the sector during the Covid-19 pandemic. Exploring how the gig economy promotes an imbalanced relationship between human beings, nature, and technology, we propose values and pathways for effective transition from technology-oriented innovation to post-humanist innovation.

Project Number

-

References

  • Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition & Change, 25(2), 237-258.
  • Bell, M. P., Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., & Sürgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. Human resource management, 50(1), 131-146.
  • Benson, N. U., Bassey, D. E. ve Palanisami, T. (2021),COVID pollution: impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global plastic waste footprint. Heliyon, 7(2), e06343.
  • BBC (2019). What is Extinction Rebellion and what does it want?, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48607989 (17 Nisan 2021)
  • Carter, N. (2013). Greening the mainstream: party politics and the environment. Environmental Politics, 22(1), 73-94.
  • Cherry, E. (2006). Veganism as a cultural movement: A relational approach. Social Movement Studies, 5(2), 155-170.
  • Coke, H. (2020). Study finds Extinction Rebellion protestors were mostly middle-class southerners. Available at: https://www.tatler.com/article/extinction-rebellion-protestors-mostly-middle-class-southerners-privileged-climate-activist-movement (21 Nisan 2021)
  • Coulter, K. (2016). Animals, work, and the promise of interspecies solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Diken (2021). Son bir yılda 189 motokurye hayatını kaybetti. Available at: https://www.diken.com.tr/son-bir-yilda-189-motokurye-hayatini-kaybetti/ (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Erbil, C. (2017). “Sosyal Fayda Yaratma Arzusu Sosyal Girişimciliğin Esasıdır”: Sosyal Girişimci/lik Mitleri ve İdeolojisi ⎯ Barthesian Bir Analiz. 25. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Extinction Rebellion (2019). This is not a drill: an extinction Rebellion handbook. UK: Penguin.
  • Formenti, L., & Luraschi, S. (2020). Migration, culture contact and the complexity of coexistence. A systemic imagination. European journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 11(3), 349-365.
  • Fridays For Fortune (2021). Our Demands. Available at: https://fridaysforfuture.org/what-we-do/our-demands/ (18 Nisan 2021)
  • Frodeman, R. (2019). Transhumanism, Nature, and the Ends of Science: A Critique of Technoscience. New York: Routledge.
  • Gençoğlu Onbaşı, F. (2016). Gezi Park protests in Turkey: from ‘enough is enough’to counter-hegemony?. Turkish Studies, 17(2), 272-294.
  • Gibney, E. (2016). When the human in humanism isn’t Enough. Humanist, 76(2), 12-17.
  • Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological bulletin, 136(3), 351.
  • GSMA (2019). Connected Women - The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2019. Available at: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GSMA-The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2019.pdf (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2018). Robot rights. MIT Press.
  • Haraway, D. (2009). A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. Technology and Values: Essential Readings, 225-246.
  • Haraway, D. (2008). When Species Meet. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Haraway, D. (1994). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. The postmodern turn: New perspectives on social theory, 82-115.
  • Hauskeller, M. (2016). How to Become a Post-Dog. Animals in Transhumanism. Between the Species, 20(1), 25-37.
  • Hirshman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Harvard University Press.
  • Hürriyet (2021). Getir'e 300 milyon dolar yatırım. Available at: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/getire-300-milyon-dolar-yatirim-41772748 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • ITU (2020). Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figure 2020. Available at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2020.pdf (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Kotzé, L. J., & Calzadilla, P. V. (2017). Somewhere between Rhetoric and Reality: Environmental Constitutionalism and the Rights of Nature in Ecuador. Transnational Environmental Law, 6(3), 401-433.
  • Knight, C., & Sang, K. (2020). ‘At home, he’s a pet, at work he’s a colleague and my right arm’: police dogs and the emerging posthumanist agenda. Culture and Organization, 26(5-6), 355-371.
  • Köybaşı, S. (2018). Yeni̇ Bir Anayasal Hak Öznesi̇ Olarak Hayvan. Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 7(14), 357-422.
  • Lalander, R. (2014). Rights of nature and the indigenous peoples in Bolivia and Ecuador: A Straitjacket for Progressive Development Politics?. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 3(2), 148-172.
  • LeBow, E. W., & Cherney, D. (2015). The role of animal welfare legislation in shaping child protection in the United States. International Journal of Education and Social Services, 2(6), 35-44.
  • Levin, S. B. (2020). Posthuman Bliss?: The Failed Promise of Transhumanism. Oxford University Press.
  • Litfin, K. T. (2014). Ecovillages: Lessons for sustainable community. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mellamphy, N. B. (2021). Humans “in the Loop”?: Human-Centrism, Posthumanism, and AI. Nature and Culture, 16(1), 11-27.
  • Mellino, E., Boutaud C. & Davies, G. (2021). Deliveroo riders can earn as little as £2 an hour during shifts, as boss stands to make £500m. Available at: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2021-03-25/deliveroo-riders-earning-as-little-as-2-pounds (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Mert, A. (2019). The trees in Gezi Park: environmental policy as the focus of democratic protests. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 21(5), 593-607.
  • Neate (2020). Billionaires' wealth rises to $10.2 trillion amid Covid crisis. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/07/covid-19-crisis-boosts-the-fortunes-of-worlds-billionaires (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Oberson, X. (2019). Taxing Robots. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Özkaynak, B., Aydιn, C. İ., Ertör-Akyazι, P., & Ertör, I. (2015). The Gezi Park resistance from an environmental justice and social metabolism perspective. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 26(1), 99-114.
  • Pedersen, E. R., & Neergaard, P. (2006). Caveat emptor–let the buyer beware! Environmental labelling and the limitations of ‘green’consumerism. Business strategy and the Environment, 15(1), 15-29.
  • Photis, R. M. (2021). The Turquoise Brick Road: Navigate the eight universal stages of human development with eight lively, illustrated stories of challenge and success. Rhys Marc Photis
  • Prassl, J. (2018). Humans as a service: The promise and perils of work in the gig economy. Oxford University Press.
  • Protection of Animal Act (1911). Protection of Animal Act. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/27 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Protection of Children Act (1978). Protection of Children Act. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/37 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Ruby, M. B. (2012). Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study. Appetite, 58(1), 141-150.
  • Sang, K., Knight, C., Hamilton, E. L., & Sayers, E. J. (2016). Human and nonhuman actors within organisations: Feminist analyses. 9th Biennial International Interdisciplinary conference, Keele University, UK.
  • Sayers, J., Hamilton, L., & Sang, K. (2019). Organizing animals: Species, gender and power at work. Gender, Work and Organization, 26(3), 239-245.
  • Snider, L. (2018). Enabling exploitation: law in the gig economy. Critical Criminology, 26(4), 563-577.
  • Sorell, T. (2013). Scientism: Philosophy and the infatuation with science. Routledge.
  • Sollund, R. (2020). Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity?. Social Sciences, 9(6), 1-16.
  • Tanasescu, M. (2017). When a river is a person: from Ecuador to New Zealand, nature gets its day in court. Available at: https://theconversation.com/when-a-river-is-a-person-from-ecuador-to-new-zealand-nature-gets-its-day-in-court-79278 (19 Nisan 2021)
  • Tokeshi, M. (2009). Species coexistence: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Toynbee, A. (1972). The religious background of the present environmental crisis: a viewpoint. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 3(1-4), 141-146.
  • UNDP (2021). The 17 Goals. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (18Nisan 2021)
  • Vaughan, A. (2020). Extinction Rebellion were not veteran protesters, new analysis shows. Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2248729-extinction-rebellion-were-not-veteran-protesters-new-analysis-shows/#ixzz6sUxx0BJ4 (21 Nisan 2021)
  • we are social (2019). Digital in 2019. Available at: https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019 (19 Nisan 2021) Wolfe, C. (2010). What is posthumanism? (Vol. 8). Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Yılman, S. (2021). Gri pasaportlu kaçak: “Ne suçum var? Ben bana sunulan olanağı kullandım!”. Available at: https://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/sevilay-yilman-2383/3044149-gri-pasaportlu-kacak-ne-sucum-var-ben-bana-sunulan-olanagi-kullandim- (21 Nisan 2021)
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Conceptual Articles
Authors

Mustafa Ozbilgin 0000-0002-8672-9534

Cihat Erbil 0000-0003-0474-7016

Project Number -
Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date April 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ozbilgin, M., & Erbil, C. (2021). Post-hümanist İnovasyon: Gig Ekonomi Özelinde Moto Kuryeli Teslimat Sektörü Örneklemi. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 2(1), 22-41.