USTALIĞIN SIRRI: YETENEK Mİ KASITLI ALIŞTIRMA MI?

Year 2018, , 417 - 450, 31.01.2018

Çiğdem Gülçay

https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.341802

Abstract

Uzmanlık (expertise) çalışmalarının temel amacı, belirli bir
alanda olağanüstü ya da üstün
becerilere sahip insanları diğer insanlardan ayıran özellikleri anlamaya ve
açıklamaya çalışmaktır (Ericsson ve Smith 1991: 2). Uzman performansını
açıklamaya yönelik öne sürülen kuramlardan biri olan kasıtlı alıştırma kuramına
göre, uzman
performansı bireylerin kendi performansını geliştirmek için uzun süre devam
eden çabalarının bir sonucudur (Ericsson vd. 1993: 400). Buna göre, farklı uzmanlık
düzeylerinde (örneğin, acemi ve usta seviyedeki bireyler) ya da aynı uzman
grupları (örneğin, elit sanatçılar) arasında performansta gözlenen bireysel
farklılıklar yetenekten ziyade bireylerin yaptıkları kasıtlı alıştırma miktarıyla
oldukça yakından ilişkilidir. Kasıtlı alıştırma
ve uzman performansı arasındaki ilişki bugüne kadar birçok farklı alanda incelenmiştir.
Bu çalışmada müzik, satranç ve spor gibi profesyonel uzmanlık alanlarında
kasıtlı alıştırma ve uzman performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen
çalışmalara yer verilerek uzmanlıkta kasıtlı alıştırmanın rolü incelenmiştir. 

Keywords

Uzmanlık, kasıtlı alıştırma, uzman performansı, üstün beceriler, yetenek

The Secret of Expertise: Talent or Deliberate Practice?

Abstract

The main purpose of expertise studies is try to understand
and explain the characteristics that distinguish people with exceptional or
superior skills from other people in a particular domain (Ericsson and Smith
1991: 2). According to theory of deliberate practice, one of the theories put
forward to explain expert performance, expert performance is the result of long
term efforts by individuals to improve their performance (Ericsson et al 1993:
400). According to this, the individual differences observed in performance
between different levels of expertise (eg, novices and masters) or the same
group of experts (eg, elite artists) are closely related to the amount of
deliberate practice by individuals. So far, the relationship between deliberate
practice and expert performance has been studied in many different domains. The
main aim of this study is to examine the role of deliberate practice in
expertise, by examinig the relationship between deliberate practice and expert
performance in the professional domains of expertise such as music, chess and
sport.  

Keywords

Expertise, deliberate practice, expert performance, superior skills, talent

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