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Revolution as A Form of Anomi: An Evaluation on the Axis of Durkheim and Schopenhauer

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 44, 57 - 68, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1174430

Abstract

In this study, we will examine the concept of revolution in the context of the concept of anomie. We tried to formulate the fundamental problem of the study as follows: Revolution is a form of anomie. Revolutions are like Durkheim’s suicide. Both are symptoms of social breakdown. For such a revolutionary reading, we first considered the concept of anomie as a state of suffering resulting from unsatisfied desires. In this direction, we tried to reconstruct Durkheim’s concept of anomie over Schopenhauer’s philosophy. The more a man desires, the more he suffers. This relationship between Schopenhauer’s unlimited desire and suffering also describes Durkheim’s conceptualization of anomie. Durkheim’s anomie is a state of suffering caused by unlimited desires. Suicide is also a natural extension of the suffering caused by unlimited desire. Just as the experience of anomie, which is the state of suffering caused by unrestrained desires, leads to suicide at the individual level, the state of suffering and inhibition, which is caused by unrestrained desires, leads to revolution at the collective level.

References

  • Berkowitz, L. (1968). The study of urban violence: some implications of laboratory studies of frustration and aggression. American Behavioral Scientist, 11(4), 14-17.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59-73.
  • Brinton, C. (1952). The anatomy of revolution. Vintage Books.
  • Davies, J. C. (1962). Toward a theory of revolution. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 5-19.
  • Davies, J. C. (1974). The j-curve and power struggle theories of collective violence. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 607-610.
  • Davies, J. C. (1978). The j-curve theory. American Political Science Review, 72(4), 1357-1358.
  • Durkheim, E. (2017). İntihar. (Çev: Ö. Ozankaya), Cem Yayınevi.
  • Durkheim, E. (2018). Toplumsal işbölümü. (Çev: Ö. Ozankaya), Cem Yayınevi.
  • Edwards, L. P. (1970). The natural history of revolution. The University of Chicago.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1968a). A casual model of civil strife: a comperative analysis using new indices. The American Political Science Review, 62(4), 1104-1124.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1968b). Psychological factors in civil violence. World Politicis, 20(2), 245-278.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Sources of rebellion in western societies: Some quatitative evidence. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 391, 128-144.
  • Kimmel, M. S. (1990). Revolutionary change. Little, Brown and Company Inc.
  • Magee, B. (1997). The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. Oxford University Press.
  • Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. The Free Press.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. & Brown, H.M. (1985). Durkheim’s concept of anomie as déréglement. Social Problems, 33(2), 81-99.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (1987). Durkheim’s concept of anomie considered as a ‘total’ social fact. The British Journal of Sociology, 38(4), 567-583.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (1988). The social world as will and idea: Schopenhauer’s influence upon Durkheim’s thought. The Sociological Review, 36(4), 674-705.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (1989a). Rethinking the will and idea of sociology in the light of Schopenhauer’s philosophy. The British Journal of Sociology, 40(2), 271-293.
  • Mestrovic, S. G, (1989b). The Theme of civilization and its discontents in Durkheim’s division of labor: Philosophical assumptions and practical consequences. The Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19(4), 443-456.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (2015). 21. yüzyılda Durkheim: Durkheim sosyolojisinin modernite ve postmoderniteye uygulanması. (Çev: S. Güldal, S. Güldal), Matbu Yayınları.
  • Miller, N. E., Sears, R. R., Mowrer, O. H., Doob, L. W., Dollard, J. (1941). The frustration-aggression hypothesis. Psychological Review, 48(4), 337.
  • Orru, M. (1983). The ethics of anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim. The British Journal of Sociology, 34(4), 499-518.
  • Parsons, T. (1966). The structure of social action. Free Press.
  • Schopenhauer, A. (1958). The World as will and representation Vol. 2. (Çev: E. F. J. Payne), Dover Publications.
  • Schopenhauer, A. (1968). World as will and idea Vol. 1. (Çev: R. B. Haldane, J. Kemp), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & CO. LTD.
  • Simmel, G. (1991). Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. (Çev: H. Loiskandl, D. Weinstein, M. Weinstein), University of Illinois Press.
  • Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Random House.
  • Yeniçırak, H. (2020). On revolution: What is revolution? What are the differences that distinguish revolution from other forms of political violent?. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (50), 329-342.
  • Yeniçırak, H. (2021). Identifying dimensions of revolutionary change and transformation: A reference framework for studies on revolutionary movements. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(41), 1151-1177.

BİR ANOMİ FORMU OLARAK DEVRİM: DURKHEİM VE SCHOPENHAUER EKSENİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 44, 57 - 68, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1174430

Abstract

Bu çalışmada devrim kavramını, anomi kavramı bağlamında inceledik. Buna göre çalışmanın temel problematiğini şu şekilde formülleştirmeye çalıştık: Devrim bir anomi formudur. Devrimler Durkheim’ın intiharı gibidir. Her ikisi de toplumsal çöküntünün semptomlarıdır. Böyle bir devrim okuması için ilk olarak anomi kavramını doyurulmamış arzuların sonucu olan ıstırap durumu olarak ele aldık. Bunun için de Durkheim’ın anomi kavramını Schopenhauer’in felsefesi üzerinden yeniden inşa etmeye çalıştık. İnsan ne kadar çok arzu ederse, o kadar çok ıstırap çeker. Schopenhauer’in sınırsız arzu ile ıstırap arasında kurduğu bu ilişki Durkheim’ın anomi kavramsallaştırmasının da bir tasvirini sunmaktadır. Durkheim’ın anomisi sınırsız arzuların yol açtığı bir ıstırap durumudur. İntihar da sınırsız arzunun yol açtığı ıstırabın doğal bir uzantısıdır. Nasıl ki sınırlandırılmamış arzuların yol açtığı ıstırap durumu olarak anomi tecrübesi bireysel düzeyde intihara yol açıyorsa, benzer şekilde sınırlandırılmamış arzuların yol açtığı ıstırap, engelleme durumu da kolektif düzeyde devrime yol açar.

References

  • Berkowitz, L. (1968). The study of urban violence: some implications of laboratory studies of frustration and aggression. American Behavioral Scientist, 11(4), 14-17.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59-73.
  • Brinton, C. (1952). The anatomy of revolution. Vintage Books.
  • Davies, J. C. (1962). Toward a theory of revolution. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 5-19.
  • Davies, J. C. (1974). The j-curve and power struggle theories of collective violence. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 607-610.
  • Davies, J. C. (1978). The j-curve theory. American Political Science Review, 72(4), 1357-1358.
  • Durkheim, E. (2017). İntihar. (Çev: Ö. Ozankaya), Cem Yayınevi.
  • Durkheim, E. (2018). Toplumsal işbölümü. (Çev: Ö. Ozankaya), Cem Yayınevi.
  • Edwards, L. P. (1970). The natural history of revolution. The University of Chicago.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1968a). A casual model of civil strife: a comperative analysis using new indices. The American Political Science Review, 62(4), 1104-1124.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1968b). Psychological factors in civil violence. World Politicis, 20(2), 245-278.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Sources of rebellion in western societies: Some quatitative evidence. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 391, 128-144.
  • Kimmel, M. S. (1990). Revolutionary change. Little, Brown and Company Inc.
  • Magee, B. (1997). The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. Oxford University Press.
  • Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. The Free Press.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. & Brown, H.M. (1985). Durkheim’s concept of anomie as déréglement. Social Problems, 33(2), 81-99.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (1987). Durkheim’s concept of anomie considered as a ‘total’ social fact. The British Journal of Sociology, 38(4), 567-583.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (1988). The social world as will and idea: Schopenhauer’s influence upon Durkheim’s thought. The Sociological Review, 36(4), 674-705.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (1989a). Rethinking the will and idea of sociology in the light of Schopenhauer’s philosophy. The British Journal of Sociology, 40(2), 271-293.
  • Mestrovic, S. G, (1989b). The Theme of civilization and its discontents in Durkheim’s division of labor: Philosophical assumptions and practical consequences. The Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19(4), 443-456.
  • Mestrovic, S. G. (2015). 21. yüzyılda Durkheim: Durkheim sosyolojisinin modernite ve postmoderniteye uygulanması. (Çev: S. Güldal, S. Güldal), Matbu Yayınları.
  • Miller, N. E., Sears, R. R., Mowrer, O. H., Doob, L. W., Dollard, J. (1941). The frustration-aggression hypothesis. Psychological Review, 48(4), 337.
  • Orru, M. (1983). The ethics of anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim. The British Journal of Sociology, 34(4), 499-518.
  • Parsons, T. (1966). The structure of social action. Free Press.
  • Schopenhauer, A. (1958). The World as will and representation Vol. 2. (Çev: E. F. J. Payne), Dover Publications.
  • Schopenhauer, A. (1968). World as will and idea Vol. 1. (Çev: R. B. Haldane, J. Kemp), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & CO. LTD.
  • Simmel, G. (1991). Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. (Çev: H. Loiskandl, D. Weinstein, M. Weinstein), University of Illinois Press.
  • Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Random House.
  • Yeniçırak, H. (2020). On revolution: What is revolution? What are the differences that distinguish revolution from other forms of political violent?. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (50), 329-342.
  • Yeniçırak, H. (2021). Identifying dimensions of revolutionary change and transformation: A reference framework for studies on revolutionary movements. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(41), 1151-1177.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Yeniçırak 0000-0001-8769-6669

Publication Date January 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Yeniçırak, H. (2023). BİR ANOMİ FORMU OLARAK DEVRİM: DURKHEİM VE SCHOPENHAUER EKSENİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(44), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1174430