ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE ÖZ-KONTROLÜN PROBLEMLİ İNTERNET KULLANIMINI YORDAMASI

Year 2023, Issue: 94, 345 - 359, 24.05.2023

Yüksel Eroğlu , Mehmet Enes Sağar , Feridun Kaya

https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1246985

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, öz-kontrolün problemli internet kullanımı üzerindeki yordayıcı gücünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, nicel araştırma desenlerinden biri olan ilişkisel bir araştırmaya uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın araştırma grubunu 291’i kadın (%64.2), 162’si erkek (%35.8) toplam 453 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Yaşları 18 ile 21 arasında değişen katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 18.86’dır. Bu çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kısa Öz-Kontrol Ölçeği ve Problemli İnternet Kullanımı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen Pearson korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre öz-kontrol ile problemli internet kullanımı arasında (r=-.51, p<.001) negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler yapısal eşitlik modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda öz-kontrolün problemli internet kullanımını negatif yönde ve anlamlı olarak yordadığı ve problemli internet kullanımındaki varyansın % 48'ini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Üniversite öğrencisi, Problemli internet kullanımı, Öz-kontrol

Supporting Institution

YOK

Project Number

YOK

Thanks

YOK

Predicting Problematic Internet Use of Self-Control in University Students

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the predictive power of self-control on problematic internet use. This study was conducted in accordance with relational research, which is one of the quantitative research designs. The research group of the study consisted of 453 university students, of which 291 (64.2%) were female and 162 (35.8%) were male. The average age of the participants, whose ages range from 18 to 21, is 18.86. In this study, Personal Information Form, Brief Self-Control Scale and Problematic Internet Use Scale were used as data collection tools. According to the results of Pearson correlation analysis obtained from the research, a negative significant relationship was found between self-control and problematic internet use (r=-.51, p<.001). The data obtained from the research were analyzed with the structural equation model. As a result of the research, it was seen that self-control predicted problematic internet use negatively and significantly and explained 48% of the variance in problematic internet use. The research findings were discussed in the light of the literature.

Keywords

University student, Problematic internet use, Self-control

Project Number

YOK

References

• Aboujaoude, E., Koran, L. M., Gamel, N., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Potential markers for problematic internet use: a telephone survey of 2,513 adults. CNS spectrums, 11(10), 750-755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900014875
• Agbaria, Q., Ronen, T., & Hamama, L. (2012). The link between developmental components (age and gender), need to belong and resources of self-control and feelings of happiness, and frequency of symptoms among Arab adolescents in Israel. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(10), 2018–2027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.009
• American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5.(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
• Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2017). Internet use and problematic internet use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 430-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716
• Błachnio, A., & Przepiorka, A. (2016). Personality and positive orientation in Internet and Facebook addiction. An empirical report from Poland. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.018
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
• Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. (2007). The strenght model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
• Beard, K. W., & Wolf, E. M. (2001). Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300210286
• Blinka, L., Škařupová, K., Ševčíková, A., Wölfling, K., Müller, K. W., & Drier, M. (2015). Excessive internet use in European adolescents: What determines differences in severity? International Journal of Public Health, 60(2), 249-256. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-014-0635-x
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming (2th. ed.). Routledge.
• Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory-based cognitive-behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3
• Caplan, S. E. (2005). A social skill account of problematic internet use. Journal of Communication, 55(4), 721- 736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03019.x
• Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
• Ceyhan, E. (2010). Problemli internet kullanım düzeyi üzerinde kimlik statüsünün, internet kullanım amacının ve cinsiyetin yordayıcılığı [Predictiveness of Identity Status, Main Internet Use Purposes, and Gender on University Students’ the Problematic Internet Use]. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice [Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri-KUYEB Dergisi], 10(3), 1323-1355.
• Ceyhan, E., Ceyhan, A.A. & Gürcan, A., (2007). Problemli internet kullanımı ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları [The validity and reliability of the problematic ınternet usage scale]. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice [Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri-KUYEB Dergisi], 7(1), 387-416.
• Dahl, D., & Bergmark, K.H. (2020). Persistence in problematic internet use a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Sociology, 5(30), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00030
• Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
• Diker, E. & Taşdelen, B. (2017). Sosyal medya olmasaydı ne olurdu? Sosyal medya bağımlısı gençlerin görüşlerine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma. Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17, 189–206. https://doi.org/10.17361/UHIVE.2017.4.17
• Derbyshire, K. L., Lust, K. A., Schreiber, L. R., Odlaug, B. L., Christenson, G. A., Golden, D. J., & Grant, J. E. (2013). Problematic Internet use and associated risks in a college sample. Comprehensive psychiatry, 54(5), 415-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.11.003
• Deutrom, J., Katos, V., Al-Mourad, M. B., & Ali, R. (2022). The relationships between gender, life satisfaction, loneliness and problematic internet use during CoViD-19: does the lockdown matter? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031325
• Ekşi, H., Turgut, T., & Sevim, E. (2019). The mediating role of general procrastination behaviors in the relationship between self-control and social media addiction in university students. Addicta, 6, 717-745. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta. 2019.6.3.0069
• Eroğlu, Y. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinde problemli internet kullanımı: İlişkisel-karşılıklı bağımlı benlik kurgusu ve dürtüselliğin yordama güçleri [Problematic internet in university students: The predictive strenght of relational-interdependent self-construal and impulsivity]. Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature History of Turkish or Turkic, 11(3), 1091-1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9107
• Fan, Z., Chen, M., & Lin, Y. (2022). Self-control and problematic internet use in college students: The chain mediating effect of rejection sensivity and loneliness. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 459-470. https://doi.org./10.2147/PRBM.S352060
• Fernández-Villa, T., Ojeda, J. A., Gómez, A. A., Carral, J., Cancela, M., Delgado-Rodríguez, M., ... & Martín, V. (2015). Problematic Internet Use in University Students: Associated factors and differences of gender. Adicciones, 27(4), 265-275.
• Fishbach, A., & Shah, J. Y. (2006). Self-control in action: Implicit dispositions toward goals and away from temptations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 820–832. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.820
• Frangos, C. C., Frangos, C. C., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2011). Problematic internet use among Greek university students: an ordinal logistic regression with risk factors of negative psychological beliefs, pornographic sites, and online games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0306
• Field, A. (2013). DiscoveringStatistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Sage.
• Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th ed.). Mc Graw Hill Education.
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: A Simple Guide and Reference (15th ed.). Routledge.
• Goel, D., Subramanyam, A., & Kamath, R. (2013). A study on the prevalence of internet addiction and its association with psychopathology in Indian adolescents. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.111451
• Griffiths, M. D. (1996). Internet addiction: an issue for clinical psychology? Clinical Psychology Forum, 97, 32- 36. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25089
• Griffin, K. W., Scheier, L. M., Komarc, M., & Botvin, G. J. (2021). Adolescent transitions in self-management strategies and young adult alcohol use. Evaluation & The Health Professions, 44(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278720983432
• Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 495–525. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019486
• Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Handbook of structural equation modeling. Guilford.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Huang, R. L., Lu, Z., Liu, J. J., You, Y. M., Pan, Z. Q., Wei, Z., ... & Wang, Z. Z. (2009). Features and predictors of problematic internet use in Chinese college students. Behaviour & Information Technology, 28(5), 485-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290701485801
• Ibrahim, N. A., Kura, K. M., Dasuki, S. I., & Abubakar Alkali, A. M. (2020). Problematic Internet use and health outcomes: Does trait self-control matter? International Journal of Management Studies, 27(2), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijms.27.2.2020.105609
• Ickes, W., Holloway, R., Stinson, L. L., & Hoodenpyle, T. G. (2006). Self-Monitoring in Social Interaction: The Centrality of Self-Affect. Journal of Personality, 74(3), 659–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00388.x
• Ismail, A.B., & Zawahreh, N. (2017). Self-control and its relationship with the internet addiction among a sample of Najran University students. Journal of Education and Human Development, 6(2), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v6n2a18
• Kandell, J. J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: The vulnerability of college students. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.11
• Kara, E. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin depresyon düzeylerinin bağlanma stilleri ve bilinçli farkındalık arasındaki ilişkisi: Öz kontrolün aracılık rolü (Tez No. 432435) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Khan, N. A., Khan, A. N., & Moin, M. F. (2021). Self-regulation and social media addiction: A multi-wave data analysis in China. Technology in Society, 64, 101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101527
• Kim, H. K., & Davis, K. E. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 490-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.11.001
• Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2007). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23(3), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010
• Kitazawa, M., Yoshimura, M., Murata, M., Sato‐Fujimoto, Y., Hitokoto, H., Mimura, M., ... & Kishimoto, T. (2018). Associations between problematic Internet use and psychiatric symptoms among university students in Japan. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 72(7), 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12662
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford.
• Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. C., Chen, S. H., & Yen, C. F. (2005). Proposed diagnostic criteria of internet addiction for adolescents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(11), 728-733. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000185891.13719.54
• Ko, C. H., Wang, P. W., Liu, T. L., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Yen, J. Y. (2015). Bidirectional associations between family factors and I nternet addiction among adolescents in a prospective investigation. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 69(4), 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12204
• Kubey, R. W., Lavin, M. J., & Barrows, J. R. (2001). Internet use and collegiate academic performance decrements: Early findings. Journal of communication, 51(2), 366-382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02885.x
• Li, D., Zhang, W., Li, X., Zhen, S., & Wang, Y. (2010). Stressful life events and problematic Internet use by adolescent females and males: A mediated moderation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1199–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.031
• Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013). Parental behavioral and psychological control and problematic internet use among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of self-control. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0293
• Nebioğlu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S., & Eroğlu, Y. (2012). Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 22(4), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120911042732
• Özdemir, Y., Kuzucu, Y., & Ak, Ş. (2014). Depression, loneliness and Internet addiction: How important is low self-control? Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.009
• Park, S., Kang, M., & Kim, E. (2014). Social relationship on problematic Internet use (PIU) among adolescents in South Korea: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and self-control. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.06.005
• Peker, A., & Yıldız, M. N. (2021). Mediating Role of self-control in the relationship between aggressiveness and cyber bullying. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 11(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.5455/PBS.20210114051215
• Petry N. M., & O'Brien C. P. Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5. Addiction 2013, 108(7), 1186-1187. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12162
• Potenza, M. N. (2014). Non-substance addictive behaviors in the context of DSM-5. Addictive behaviors, 39(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.004
• Rosenbaum, M. (1980). Individual differences in self-control behaviors and tolerance of painful stimulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89(4), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.89.4.581
• Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication & Society, 3, 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
• Ryu, H., & Kim, H. (2018). The relationship between self-control and Internet game addiction proneness in college students: dual mediating effects of perceived stress and coping strategy. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 156-165. https://doi.org/10.15842/KJCP.2018.37.2.003
• Sağar, M. E. (2021). Predictive role of cognitive flexibility and self-control on social media addiction in university students. International Education Studies, 14(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n4p1
• Sağar, M. E. (2022). Öğretmen adaylarında problemli internet kullanım durumlarının incelenmesi. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 44-67. https://doi.org/10.30561/sinopusd.1078819
• Sağar, M. E., & Özabacı, N. (2022). Investigating the effectiveness of solution-focused group counselling and group guidance programs to promote healthy internet use of university students. African Educational Research Journal, 10(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.101.21.156
• Sayeed, A., Rahman, M. H., Hassan, M. N., Christopher, E., Kundu, S., Al Banna, M. H., ... & Hasan, M. T. (2021). Problematic internet use associated with depression, health, and internet-use behaviors among university students of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105771
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.
• Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge.
• Seo, M., Kang, H. S., & Yom, Y. H. (2009). Internet addiction and interpersonal problems in Korean adolescents. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 27(4), 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e3181a91b3f
• Sher, K. J., & Trull, T. J. (1994). Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.92
• Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S., & Stein, D. J. (2003). Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 17(4), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10094
• Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction: definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001
• Smith, C. V., Lair, E. C., & O'Brien, S. M. (2019). Purposely stoic, accidentally alone? Self-monitoring moderates the relationship between emotion suppression and loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 149, 286–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.012
• Suh, J. J., Ruffins, S., Robins, C. E., Albanese, M. J., & Khantzian, E. J. (2008). Self-medication hypothesis: Connecting affective experience and drug choice. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(3), 518–532. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.25.3.518
• Suler, J. R. (1999). To get what you need: Healthy and pathological internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1999.2.385
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
• Tam, P. G. (2016). Problematic internet use in youth: An outline and overview for health professionals. Australian Clinical Psychologist, 2(1), 1-14.
• Tang, Y. Y., Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Volkow, N. D. (2015). Circuitry of self-control and its role in reducing addiction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(8), 439-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.007
• Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, J. F., & Boone, A.L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, bettter grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x.
• Tao, R., Huang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., & Li, M. (2010). Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction, 105(3), 556-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x
• Van Schalkwyk, G. I., Golt, J. D., & Silverman, W. K. (2020). Youth and Technology: A Developmental Perspective on Internet Use. The Oxford Handbook of Digital Technologies and Mental Health, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190218058.013.3
• Verhoven, J.C., Heerwegh, D., & De Wit, K. (2010). Information and communication technologies in the life of university freshmen: An analysis of change. Computers & Education, 55(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu. 2009. 12.002
• Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2002). Moderators of the relation between substance use level and problems: Test of a self-regulation model in middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.3
• Yau, Y. H., Crowley, M. J., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2012). Are Internet use and video-game-playing addictive behaviors? Biological, clinical and public health implications for youths and adults. Minerva psichiatrica, 53(3), 153-170.
• Yau, Y. H. C., Potenza, M., & White, M. A. (2013). Problematic internet use, mental health and impulse control in an online survey of adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.1.2012.015
• Yeap, J. A. L., Ramayah, T., Kurnia, S., Halim, H. A., & Ahmad N. H. (2015). The assessment of ınternet addiction among university students: Some findings from a focus group study. Tehnički Vjesnik, 22(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20131009152752
• Yılmaz, R. & Yılmaz, F. G. K. (2022). Problematic internet use in adults: The role of happiness, psychological resilience, dispositional hope, and self-control and self-management. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 10, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-022-00482-y
• Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244. http://www.netaddiction.com/articles/newdisorder.pdf
• Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
• Young, K. S. (2004). Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(4), 402-415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764204270278