Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Hibrit Tehditler ve Sosyal Politika: Düzensiz Göçün Getirdiği Toplumsal Çatışmalar ve Çözüm Önerileri

Year 2025, Issue: Özel Sayı, 210 - 238, 10.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1679866

Abstract

Bu çalışma, hibrit tehditler bağlamında düzensiz göç olgusunun toplumsal çatışmalara etkisini ve sosyal politikanın bu çatışmaların yönetimindeki rolünü analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemiyle yapılandırılan çalışma kapsamında, belge analizi ve eleştirel söylem analizi teknikleri kullanılmış; göç, güvenlik, hibrit tehditler ve sosyal politika ekseninde ulusal ve uluslararası literatür değerlendirilmiştir. Özellikle devletlerin ve uluslararası aktörlerin göçmen figürünü nasıl konumlandırdığı, bu söylemlerin “tehdit” algısıyla nasıl birleştiği ve toplumsal çatışmaları nasıl tetiklediği ele alınmıştır. Araştırma, yalnızca kavramsal bir derleme sunmamakta; aynı zamanda sosyal politikanın hibrit tehditlere karşı direnç artırıcı ve çözüm üretici yönlerini sorgulamakta ve çözüm önerileri geliştirmektedir. Bulgular, düzensiz göçün neden olduğu toplumsal kırılmaların önlenmesinde sosyal politikaların stratejik bir araç olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Akgül, İ. (2024). Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 15(3), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328
  • Akgül, F. (2022). Hibrit harekâtın temel unsurlarından siber savaş ve elektronik harp arasında kavramsal bir karşılaştırma. Hibrit Tehditleri Anlamak, Hibrit Tehditler ve Milli Savunma Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı (ss. 91–103). Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Akkaş, N. B. (2024). Disaster management from a social vulnerability perspective: Mapping the risks for the city of Istanbul (Yüksek lisans tezi, Istanbul Technical University Graduate School).
  • Anar, B. (2023). Well-being and integration policies at the local level: Case of Syrians in Izmir (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Yaşar Üniversitesi, Graduate School of Social Sciences.
  • Apostol, A. C., Cristache, N., & Năstase, M. (2022). Societal resilience, a key factor in combating hybrid threats. Knowledge-Based Organization, 28(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0057
  • BBC News. (2014a, Mart 1). Russian parliament approves troop deployment in Ukraine. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26400035 (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025).
  • BBC News. (2014b, Mart 5). Ukraine crisis: Russia blocks UN Security Council statement. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26447200 (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025).
  • BBC News. (2022, Mart 22). Ukraine war: How the conflict is playing out on social media. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60841924 (Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2025).
  • Boswell, C. (2007). Theorizing migration policy: Is there a third way? International Migration Review, 41(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00057.x
  • Chivvis, C. S. (2017). Understanding Russian "Hybrid Warfare" and what can be done about it. RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/CT468
  • Cinalli, M., & Giugni, M. (2011). Institutional opportunities, discursive opportunities and the political participation of migrants in European cities. In L. Morales & M. Giugni (Eds.), Social capital, political participation and migration in Europe (ss. 43–62). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dikkaş, M. (2022). Hibrit savaş ve istihbarat. Hibrit Tehditleri Anlamak, Hibrit Tehditler ve Milli Savunma Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı (ss. 1–19). Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Euronews. (2019, 7 Eylül). Erdoğan belediyelerde işten çıkarmalara tepki gösterdi. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/09/07/erdogan-belediyelerde-isten-cikarmalara-tepki-gosterdi (Erişim tarihi: 07.06.2025).
  • European Commission. (2016, Nisan 6). EU-U.S. Privacy Shield: Frequently asked questions. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/it/MEMO_16_1250 (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • Fairclough, N. (2005). Critical discourse analysis. Marges Linguistiques, 9, 76–94.
  • Greenhill, K. M. (2016). Weapons of mass migration: Forced displacement, coercion, and foreign policy. Cornell University Press.
  • Güngörsen, R. (2022). Hibrit tehditler kapsamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun güvenlik uygulamalarının analizi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Millî Savunma Üniversitesi Atatürk Stratejik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü.
  • Güven, S. (1995). Sosyal politikanın temelleri. Ezgi Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st century: The rise of hybrid wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
  • Huddleston, T., & Solano, G. (2020). Migrant Integration Policy Index 2020. Migration Policy Group. https://www.migpolgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Solano-Giacomo-Huddleston-Thomas-2020-Migrant-Integration-Policy-Index-2020.pdf
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2020, Aralık). Russia’s use of cyber coercion. https://www.iiss.org/events/2020/12/russia-cyber (Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2025).
  • IOM (International Organization for Migration). (2024). World Migration Report 2024.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, O., Çelik, K., & Con Wright, G. (2023). Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of households with different levels of social vulnerability in Istanbul. Journal of Sociological Research, 26(1), 1–18.
  • Kessler, G. (1948). İçtimai siyaset. İstanbul.
  • Kindler, M., & Szulecka, M. (2013). The economic integration of Ukrainian and Vietnamese migrant women in the Polish labour market. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(4), 649–671.
  • Koraus, A., Palinchak, M., Caganova, D., Stehlikova, B., & Gombar, M. (2023). Index for public administration resilience against hybrid threats. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 28(4), 1010–1024.
  • Kunce, B. (2023). Rebuilding societal resilience in a polycrisis world. In L. G. Arnold & J. E. F. Hinds (Eds.), The Indo-Pacific mosaic: Comprehensive security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Bölüm 21). Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. https://dkiapcss.edu/the-indo-pacific-mosaic-comprehensive-security-cooperation-in-the-indo-pacific-chapter-21/
  • Morales, L., & Giugni, M. (2011). Social capital, political participation and migration in Europe: Making multicultural democracy work? Palgrave Macmillan.
  • NATO. (2021, Ocak 13). Hibrit savaş döneminde enerji güvenliği. https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2021/01/13/hibrit-savas-doeneminde-enerji-guevenligi/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • NATO. (2022). Increasing societal resilience: Innovative ways to counter disinformation and hostile information activities. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/structur/pdd/2022/220411-ResilienceContentGuidelines.pdf
  • NATO. (2024). NATO’s countering hybrid threats. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm
  • Nikolov, O. (2018). Building societal resilience against hybrid threats. Information & Security: An International Journal, 39(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.11610/isij.3908
  • Osiichuk, M., & Shepotylo, O. (2020). Conflict and well-being of civilians: The case of the Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war. Economic Systems, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2019.100736
  • Palaz, M. (2022). Hibrit tehditler, dirençlilik ve kapsamlı yaklaşım. Hibrit Tehditleri Anlamak, Hibrit Tehditler ve Milli Savunma Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı (ss. 1–19). Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Penninx, R. (2005). Integration of migrants: Economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. In M. Macura, A. L. MacDonald, & W. Haug (Eds.), The new demographic regime: Population challenges and policy responses (ss. 137–152). United Nations.
  • Sarıçam, H. (2015). The Turkish version of the Social Vulnerability Scale: The study of validity and reliability. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(1), 190–202.
  • Şişman, Y. (2013). Sosyal politika Cilt-1. Açık Öğretim Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Şişman, Y. (2022). Sosyal politikanın güncel konuları. Nisan Kitabevi.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022, Ocak 4). Hibrit muharebe [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/TC_Disisleri/status/1478388356002287623 (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • TDK. (2025). Hibrit. Türk Dil Kurumu. https://sozluk.gov.tr/?q=hibrit&aranan (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • The White House. (2014, Mart 20). Statement by the President on Ukraine. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/20/statement-president-ukraine (Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2025).
  • Treverton, G. F., Thvedt, A., Chen, A. R., Lee, K., & McCue, M. (2018). Addressing hybrid threats. Försvarshögskolan (FHS). https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7574
  • Wang, W. W., & Fan, C. C. (2012). Migrant workers' integration in urban China: Experiences in employment, social adaptation, and self-identity. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(6), 731–749. https://doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.53.6.731

Hybrid Threats and Social Policy: Social Conflicts Caused by Irregular Migration and Solution Proposals

Year 2025, Issue: Özel Sayı, 210 - 238, 10.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1679866

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the impact of irregular migration on social conflicts within the context of hybrid threats, and to evaluate the role of social policy in managing these tensions. Structured through a qualitative research design, the study employs document analysis and critical discourse analysis methods. National and international literature related to migration, security, hybrid threats, and social policy have been systematically reviewed. Special focus has been placed on how states and international actors position the figure of the “migrant,” how discourses of “threat” are constructed, and how such narratives fuel social conflict. Beyond offering a conceptual overview, the study also questions the resilience and response capacity of social policies against hybrid threats, particularly during crises, and proposes policy-oriented solutions. The findings suggest that social policies should be considered a strategic instrument in mitigating the societal ruptures caused by irregular migration.

References

  • Akgül, İ. (2024). Ruh sağlığı ve sosyal politika. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 15(3), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1497328
  • Akgül, F. (2022). Hibrit harekâtın temel unsurlarından siber savaş ve elektronik harp arasında kavramsal bir karşılaştırma. Hibrit Tehditleri Anlamak, Hibrit Tehditler ve Milli Savunma Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı (ss. 91–103). Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Akkaş, N. B. (2024). Disaster management from a social vulnerability perspective: Mapping the risks for the city of Istanbul (Yüksek lisans tezi, Istanbul Technical University Graduate School).
  • Anar, B. (2023). Well-being and integration policies at the local level: Case of Syrians in Izmir (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Yaşar Üniversitesi, Graduate School of Social Sciences.
  • Apostol, A. C., Cristache, N., & Năstase, M. (2022). Societal resilience, a key factor in combating hybrid threats. Knowledge-Based Organization, 28(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0057
  • BBC News. (2014a, Mart 1). Russian parliament approves troop deployment in Ukraine. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26400035 (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025).
  • BBC News. (2014b, Mart 5). Ukraine crisis: Russia blocks UN Security Council statement. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26447200 (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025).
  • BBC News. (2022, Mart 22). Ukraine war: How the conflict is playing out on social media. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60841924 (Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2025).
  • Boswell, C. (2007). Theorizing migration policy: Is there a third way? International Migration Review, 41(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00057.x
  • Chivvis, C. S. (2017). Understanding Russian "Hybrid Warfare" and what can be done about it. RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/CT468
  • Cinalli, M., & Giugni, M. (2011). Institutional opportunities, discursive opportunities and the political participation of migrants in European cities. In L. Morales & M. Giugni (Eds.), Social capital, political participation and migration in Europe (ss. 43–62). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dikkaş, M. (2022). Hibrit savaş ve istihbarat. Hibrit Tehditleri Anlamak, Hibrit Tehditler ve Milli Savunma Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı (ss. 1–19). Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Euronews. (2019, 7 Eylül). Erdoğan belediyelerde işten çıkarmalara tepki gösterdi. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/09/07/erdogan-belediyelerde-isten-cikarmalara-tepki-gosterdi (Erişim tarihi: 07.06.2025).
  • European Commission. (2016, Nisan 6). EU-U.S. Privacy Shield: Frequently asked questions. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/it/MEMO_16_1250 (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • Fairclough, N. (2005). Critical discourse analysis. Marges Linguistiques, 9, 76–94.
  • Greenhill, K. M. (2016). Weapons of mass migration: Forced displacement, coercion, and foreign policy. Cornell University Press.
  • Güngörsen, R. (2022). Hibrit tehditler kapsamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun güvenlik uygulamalarının analizi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Millî Savunma Üniversitesi Atatürk Stratejik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü.
  • Güven, S. (1995). Sosyal politikanın temelleri. Ezgi Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). Conflict in the 21st century: The rise of hybrid wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
  • Huddleston, T., & Solano, G. (2020). Migrant Integration Policy Index 2020. Migration Policy Group. https://www.migpolgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Solano-Giacomo-Huddleston-Thomas-2020-Migrant-Integration-Policy-Index-2020.pdf
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2020, Aralık). Russia’s use of cyber coercion. https://www.iiss.org/events/2020/12/russia-cyber (Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2025).
  • IOM (International Organization for Migration). (2024). World Migration Report 2024.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, O., Çelik, K., & Con Wright, G. (2023). Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of households with different levels of social vulnerability in Istanbul. Journal of Sociological Research, 26(1), 1–18.
  • Kessler, G. (1948). İçtimai siyaset. İstanbul.
  • Kindler, M., & Szulecka, M. (2013). The economic integration of Ukrainian and Vietnamese migrant women in the Polish labour market. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(4), 649–671.
  • Koraus, A., Palinchak, M., Caganova, D., Stehlikova, B., & Gombar, M. (2023). Index for public administration resilience against hybrid threats. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 28(4), 1010–1024.
  • Kunce, B. (2023). Rebuilding societal resilience in a polycrisis world. In L. G. Arnold & J. E. F. Hinds (Eds.), The Indo-Pacific mosaic: Comprehensive security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Bölüm 21). Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. https://dkiapcss.edu/the-indo-pacific-mosaic-comprehensive-security-cooperation-in-the-indo-pacific-chapter-21/
  • Morales, L., & Giugni, M. (2011). Social capital, political participation and migration in Europe: Making multicultural democracy work? Palgrave Macmillan.
  • NATO. (2021, Ocak 13). Hibrit savaş döneminde enerji güvenliği. https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2021/01/13/hibrit-savas-doeneminde-enerji-guevenligi/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • NATO. (2022). Increasing societal resilience: Innovative ways to counter disinformation and hostile information activities. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/structur/pdd/2022/220411-ResilienceContentGuidelines.pdf
  • NATO. (2024). NATO’s countering hybrid threats. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm
  • Nikolov, O. (2018). Building societal resilience against hybrid threats. Information & Security: An International Journal, 39(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.11610/isij.3908
  • Osiichuk, M., & Shepotylo, O. (2020). Conflict and well-being of civilians: The case of the Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war. Economic Systems, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2019.100736
  • Palaz, M. (2022). Hibrit tehditler, dirençlilik ve kapsamlı yaklaşım. Hibrit Tehditleri Anlamak, Hibrit Tehditler ve Milli Savunma Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı (ss. 1–19). Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Penninx, R. (2005). Integration of migrants: Economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. In M. Macura, A. L. MacDonald, & W. Haug (Eds.), The new demographic regime: Population challenges and policy responses (ss. 137–152). United Nations.
  • Sarıçam, H. (2015). The Turkish version of the Social Vulnerability Scale: The study of validity and reliability. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(1), 190–202.
  • Şişman, Y. (2013). Sosyal politika Cilt-1. Açık Öğretim Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Şişman, Y. (2022). Sosyal politikanın güncel konuları. Nisan Kitabevi.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022, Ocak 4). Hibrit muharebe [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/TC_Disisleri/status/1478388356002287623 (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • TDK. (2025). Hibrit. Türk Dil Kurumu. https://sozluk.gov.tr/?q=hibrit&aranan (Erişim tarihi: 14.04.2025).
  • The White House. (2014, Mart 20). Statement by the President on Ukraine. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/20/statement-president-ukraine (Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2025).
  • Treverton, G. F., Thvedt, A., Chen, A. R., Lee, K., & McCue, M. (2018). Addressing hybrid threats. Försvarshögskolan (FHS). https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7574
  • Wang, W. W., & Fan, C. C. (2012). Migrant workers' integration in urban China: Experiences in employment, social adaptation, and self-identity. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(6), 731–749. https://doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.53.6.731
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Security
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cumhur Havan 0000-0003-3289-4523

Early Pub Date June 10, 2025
Publication Date June 10, 2025
Submission Date April 19, 2025
Acceptance Date May 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Havan, C. (2025). Hibrit Tehditler ve Sosyal Politika: Düzensiz Göçün Getirdiği Toplumsal Çatışmalar ve Çözüm Önerileri. Sosyal Güvence(Özel Sayı), 210-238. https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1679866