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Changing The Face Of Retirement With Bridge Employment: An Evaluation In The Context Of An Aging Society

Year 2025, Issue: 28, 1785 - 1809, 01.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1579732

Abstract

In Türkiye, a significant proportion of retirees work in various jobs after retiring from their main job until they enter full retirement. This phenomenon, called “bridge employment” is defined as the transition from full-time work to full-time retirement. Today, the decline in birth rates and the aging of the population increases the likelihood that retirees will be more present in the labor market in the future. In addition, the age of labor force participation increased as the duration of education increased. It is possible for individuals to reap the rewards of their human capital if they stay in the labor force for longer. On the other hand, jobs that require physical strength significantly decrease owing to automation. This makes it possible for the elderly to remain in the labor market.
Bridge employment has various effects on individuals, economies, and societies. These effects include increasing retirees’ life satisfaction, facilitating the adaptation process to full retirement, providing social benefits by transferring their knowledge and experience to new generations, and providing businesses with knowledgeable and experienced personnel. On the other hand, there are also negative aspects such as low wages, precarious jobs, and social pressure to work that negatively affect retirees.
After establishing the conceptual framework of bridging employment, this study aims to identify the factors affecting it and discuss its effects on individuals, the economy, and society by addressing the demographic transformation and the current situation of retirees in Türkiye. This study reviews the relevant literature and presents various policy recommendations to mitigate the negative effects of the transition from retirement to full retirement.

References

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  • Beehr, T. A., Bennett, M. M., Shultz, K. S., & Adams, G. A. (2007). Examining retirement from a multi-level perspective. Aging and work in the 21st century, 277-302.
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  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., Quinn, J. F., Sacco, L. B., & Platts, L. G. (2024). Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life?. Work, Aging and Retirement, 10(2), 77-99.
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  • Gazete, R. (2022). Aktif İşgücü Hizmetlerinin Yürütülmesine İlişkin Usul Ve Esaslar Hakkında Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete, 1-26 .
  • Gobeski, K. T., & Beehr, T. A. (2009). How retirees work: Predictors of different types of bridge employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(3), 401–425.
  • Gündoğan, N. (2001). İşgücünün Yaşlanması ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 56(04).
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Köprü İstihdamla Emekliliğin Değişen Yüzü: Yaşlanan Toplum Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Issue: 28, 1785 - 1809, 01.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1579732

Abstract

Türkiye’de emeklilerin önemli kısmı, ana işlerinden emekli olduktan sonra tam emekliliğe geçene kadar çeşitli işlerde çalışmaktadır. Literatürde “köprü istihdamı” olarak adlandırılan bu olgu tam zamanlı çalışmadan tam zamanlı emekliliğe geçiş süreci olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Günümüzde doğum oranlarının azalması ve nüfusun yaşlanması, gelecekte emeklilerin işgücü piyasasında daha fazla yer alması ihtimalini artırmaktadır. Ayrıca, eğitim süresinin uzamasıyla işgücüne katılım yaşı da yükselmektedir. Bireylerin beşeri sermayelerinin karşılığını alması, işgücünde kalma sürelerinin uzamasıyla mümkündür. Öte yandan, otomasyonlaşma ile fiziksel güç gerektiren işler de önemli ölçüde azalmaktadır. Bu durum, yaşlıların işgücü piyasasında kalma sürelerinin uzamasını mümkün kılmaktadır.
Köprü istihdamının birey, ekonomi ve toplum açısından çeşitli etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu etkiler arasında emeklilerin yaşam memnuniyetini artırması, tam emekliliğe uyum sürecini kolaylaştırması, sahip oldukları bilgi ve tecrübeyi yeni nesillere aktararak toplumsal fayda sağlaması ve işletmelere bilgili ve tecrübeli personel sunması yer almaktadır. Öte yandan, düşük ücretler ve güvencesiz işlerde çalıştırılma ve çalışma konusunda toplumsal baskının emeklileri olumsuz etkilemesi gibi negatif yönlerinin de olduğu belirtilmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, köprü istihdamının kavramsal çerçevesi oluşturulduktan sonra, Türkiye’de demografik dönüşüm ve emeklilerin mevcut durumunu ele alarak köprü istihdamını etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek ve bu durumun bireyler, ekonomi ve toplum üzerindeki etkilerini tartışmaktır. Çalışmada ilgili literatür taranmış ve emeklilikten tam emekliliğe geçiş sürecinde oluşabilecek olumsuzlukları azaltmak için çeşitli politika önerileri sunulmuştur.

References

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  • Alcover, C. M., Topa, G., Parry, E., Fraccaroli, F., & Depolo, M. (2014). Bridge employment: Lessons learned and future prospects for research and practice. In Bridge Employment (pp. 269-290). Routledge.
  • Alen, E., Losada, N., & Carlos, P. D. (2017). Understanding tourist behavior of senior citizens: Lifecycle theory, continuity theory, and a generational approach. Aging & Society, 37(7), 1338–1361.
  • Ayabakan, B. Ç. (2022). Avrupa’da yaşlanma, aktif yaşlanma ve kuşaklar arası çatışma ilişkisine covid-19 güncellemesi. In Journal of Social Policy Conferences (No. 83, pp. 225-247). Istanbul University.
  • Baran, A. G., & Kurnaz, Z. (2019). Yaşlıların sosyo-ekonomik düzeylerine göre sosyal ilişkilerinin aktif yaşlanma açısından analizi. Turkiye Klinikleri Internal Medicine Nursing-Special Topics, 5(2), 39-47.
  • Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., & Piotrowski, M. (2002). Personality and job performance: Test of the mediating effects of motivation among sales representatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 43–51.
  • Beehr, T. (2014). To retire or not to retire: That is not the question. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(4), 1093–1108.
  • Beehr, T. A., Bennett, M. M., Shultz, K. S., & Adams, G. A. (2007). Examining retirement from a multi-level perspective. Aging and work in the 21st century, 277-302.
  • Beşoluk, E., Keten, A., & Keskin, A. (2024). Bireysel İş Uyuşmazlıklarında Zorunlu Arabuluculuk Uygulamasının İş Mahkemelerine Katkısı. Sosyal Güvence, (25), 1326-1352.
  • Boissonneault, M., Mulders, J. O., Turek, K., & Carriere, Y. (2020). A systematic review of causes of recent increases in ages of labor market exit in OECD countries. PLoS One, 15(4), e0231897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231897
  • Borowski, A. (2009). The certainty of uncertainty: Superannuation and globalization. Health Sociology Review, 18(4), 364-378.
  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2017). To what extent is gradual retirement a product of financial necessity?. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(1), 25-54.
  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2018). Is bridge job activity overstated? Work, Aging and Retirement, 4(4), 330–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/way006
  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2020, September). Unretirement in the 2010s: Prevalence, determinants, and outcomes. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Working Paper, 529.
  • Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., Quinn, J. F., Sacco, L. B., & Platts, L. G. (2024). Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life?. Work, Aging and Retirement, 10(2), 77-99.
  • Carr, D. (2019). Golden years: social inequality in later life. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Çuhadar, S. G. (2020). Yaşlanan nüfusa çözüm önerisi olarak aktif yaşlanma yaklaşımı: eleştiriler ve olası endeks için Türkiye önerileri. In Journal of Social Policy Conferences (No. 79, pp. 361-397). Istanbul University.
  • Demirbilek, T., & Özgür, A. Ö. (2017). Gümüş Ekonomi Ve Aktif Yaşlanma Bağlamında Yaşlı İstihdamı. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 14 28.
  • Dingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2014). Involuntary retirement, bridge employment, and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of organizational Behavior, 35(4), 575-591.
  • Dingemans, E., Henkens, K., & Solinge, H. (2016). Access to Bridge Employment: Who Finds and Who Does Not Find Work After Retirement?. The Gerontologist, 56 4, 630-640. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu182 .
  • Durmaz Bodur, N., & Kumaş, H. (2021). Türkiye’de Emekli Bireylerin İşgücü Piyasasına Katılımını Belirleyen Faktörler: Mikro Ekonomik Bir Analiz. Emek Araştırma Dergisi.
  • Durusoy Öztepe, N., & Adalı, A. (2022). İşverenlerin Emekli Çalışan İstihdam Etme Kararlarına İlişkin Nitel Bir Çözümleme. Yönetim ve Çalışma, 6(2) 145-164.
  • Earl, C., & Taylor, P. (2017). Reconceptualising work-retirement transitions: Critiques of the new retirement and bridge employment. Ageing, organisations and management: Constructive discourses and critical perspectives, 323-344.
  • Gazete, R. (2022). Aktif İşgücü Hizmetlerinin Yürütülmesine İlişkin Usul Ve Esaslar Hakkında Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete, 1-26 .
  • Gobeski, K. T., & Beehr, T. A. (2009). How retirees work: Predictors of different types of bridge employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(3), 401–425.
  • Gündoğan, N. (2001). İşgücünün Yaşlanması ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 56(04).
  • Halleröd, B. (2015). Work beyond pension age in Sweden: Does a prolonged work life lead to increasing class inequalities among older people? In S. Scherger (Ed.), Paid work beyond pension age: Comparative perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hampton, M., & Totty, E. (2020). Minimum wages, retirement timing, and labor supply. United States Census Bureau Working Paper CED20-10.
  • Hess, M., Naegele, L., & Mäcken, J. (2021). Attitudes towards working in retirement: a latent class analysis of older workers’ motives. European Journal of Ageing, 18(3), 357-368.
  • Hill, S. C., Snell, A. F., & Sterns, H. L. (2015). Career influences in bridge employment among retired police officers. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 81(2), 101–119
  • Hofacker, D., & Radl, J. (2016). Retirement Transitions in times of institutional change: theoretical concept. In D. Hofäcker, M. Hess, & S. König (Eds.), Delaying retirement. progress and challenges of active ageing in Europe, the United States and Japan (pp.1–22). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kooij, D., & van de Voorde, K. (2011). How changes in subjective general health predict future time perspective, and development and generativity motives over the lifespan. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 228–247.
  • MacKellar, F. L., Ermolieva, T., & Reisen, H. (1999). Globalization, Social Security, and International Transfers.
  • Mariappanadar, S. (2013). Do retirement anxieties determine bridge employment preference?. Personnel Review, 42(2), 176–204.
  • Miles, David. "Macroeconomic impacts of changes in life expectancy and fertility." The Journal of the Economics of Ageing 24 (2023): 100425.
  • Mulvaney, M. A. (2020). Career and non-career bridge employment intentions of local government professionals. Public Organization Review, 20(3), 477 493.
  • Öztepe, N. D., & Kıvcı, A. K. (2019). Fırsat mı Kriz mi? Mavi Yakalı Çalışanların Emekliliğe Yönelik Beklentileri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 9(2), 319-334.
  • Radl, J. (2013). Labour Market exit and social stratification in Western Europe: The effects of social class and gender on the timing of retirement. European Sociological Review, 29(3), 654–668.
  • Raymo, J. M., Liang, J., Sugisawa, H., Kobayashi, E.,&Sugihara, Y. (2004).Work at older ages in Japan: Variation by gender and employment status. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, 154–163.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Hakan Saraç 0000-0001-5322-513X

Early Pub Date June 23, 2025
Publication Date July 1, 2025
Submission Date November 5, 2024
Acceptance Date February 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Saraç, H. (2025). Köprü İstihdamla Emekliliğin Değişen Yüzü: Yaşlanan Toplum Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyal Güvence(28), 1785-1809. https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1579732