Variables Affecting The Number Of Part-Time Hours Worked: An Empirical Study On TURKSTAT Data

Year 2025, Issue: 28, 1688 - 1706, 01.07.2025

Tekin Akgeyik

https://doi.org/10.21441/sosyalguvence.1623648

Abstract

This paper analyzes the variables affecting part-time hours worked per week based on a sample from a Turkish Statistic Institute 2018-2022 Labor Force Statistics. The study sample involved the data of 18.237 part-time workers. The weekly working hour was the dependent variable. The study used several individual and workplace independent variables. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that workplace variables were the most significant predictors of weekly part-time working hours. Overall, the results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that working at home, the number of workers, registered in Social Security Institution and monthly wages as workplace-related variables factors were observed to predict the number of hours worked. Moreover, individual factors including gender, age, education and tenure were significant predictors of the number of part-time hours worked. All predictors accounted for 13 percent of the variance in the number of hours worked. Secondly, no significant sex difference was found with respect to the number of part-time hours worked.

Keywords

Part-Time Employment , Working Hours , Workplace-Related Variables , Türkiye

Kısmi Süreli Çalışma Saatlerini Etkileyen Değişkenler: Hanehalkı Verileri Bağlamında Ampirik Bir Analiz

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı, TÜİK 2018-22 Hane Halkı İşgücü (HHİ) veri seti kapsamında, kısmi süreli çalışma saatlerini etkileyen değişkenleri analiz etmektir. Örneklem büyüklüğü, 18.237 kısmi süreli çalışandan oluşmaktadır. Bağımlı değişken, haftalık çalışma saatidir. Bu değişken, deneklerin HHİ Anketi’nde “esas işinizde bir haftada genellikle kaç saat çalışırsınız?” sorusuna verdikleri yanıt ile ölçülmüştür. Bağımsız değişkenler ise, çeşitli bireysel ve işyeri değişkenlerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada; haftalık çalışma saatlerindeki varyasyonu açıklayan değişkenler, hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ile sorgulanmıştır. Bulgulara göre işyeri faktörleri, kısmi süreli çalışma saatinin en önemli açıklayıcı değişken grubudur. Nitekim evde çalışma, işyeri büyüklüğü, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu’na kayıtlılık ve aylık ücretlerin, varyasyona katkısı %8 düzeyindedir. Buna karşılık bireysel değişkenlerin, haftalık çalışma saatinin açıklayıcılık oranına katkısının oldukça sınırlı düzeyde kaldığı görülmektedir. Gerçekten de cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim ve kıdem süresi değişkenlerinin, kısmi süreli çalışma saatini açıklamaya katkısı, sadece %5’tir. Tüm değişkenler bir arada, haftalık mesai süresindeki varyasyonu %13 oranında açıklayabilmektedir. Analizlerin bir diğer sonucu, cinsiyet açısından haftalık kısmi süreli çalışma saatlerinde anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı yönündedir.

Keywords

Kısmi Süreli İstihdam , Çalışma Saati , İşyeri Değişkenleri , Türkiye

References

• Bosch, Nicole, Deelen, Anja & Euwals, Rob (2010). Is part-time employment here to stay? working hours of Dutch women over successive generations. Labour, 24 (1), 35-54.
• Bryan, Mark L. (2006). Free to choose? Differences in the hours determination of constrained and unconstrained workers, Oxford Economic Papers, 59 (3), 246-252.
• Bryan, Mark L. (2007). Workers, workplaces and working hours, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45 (4), 735-759.
• Buerhaus, Peter I. (1990). Economic and work satisfaction determinants of the annual number of hours worked by registered nurses, Ph.D. Thesis, Wayne State University, Michigan.
• Carcillo, S., A. Hijzen & S. Thewissen (2023), “The limitations of overtime limits to reduce long working hours: Evidence from the 2018 to 2021 working time reform in Korea”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 62 (1): 98-126.
• Carree, Martin & Verheul, Ingrid (2009). Time allocation by the self-employed: the determinants of the number of working hours in start-ups. Applied Economics Letters, 16 (15), 1511-1515.
• Cooper, Joseph Everett (1992). ESOPs and labor supply: A theoretical and empirical investigation of the effect of employee stock ownership plans on employee effort, cooperation, job attachment and hours worked. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, Massachusetts.
• European Commission (2023). Labour market and wage developments in Europe: Annual review 2023. Luxembourg.
• European Parliament (2016). Precarious employment in Europe: patterns, trends and policy strategies. Luxembourg.
• Eurostat (2024). Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, age, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic activity. 15 Kasım 2024 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
• Eymen, U. Erman. SPSS Kullanma Klavuzu (E-Baskı), İstatistik Merkezi Yayın (No: 1), 2007, İstanbul.
• Fagan, C., Norman, H., Smith, M. & Menendez, M. C. G. (2014). In Search of Good Quality Part-Time Employment, International Labour Organization.
• Fuess Jr., Scott M., (2006). Working hours in Japan: Who is time-privileged?, IZA Discussion Papers 2195, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
• Lee, Amy Kyung Wha (1996). Married Korean women in the U.S.: Determinants of employment in comparative perspective. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Michigan, Michigan.
• Levison, Deborah (1991). Children's labor force activity and schooling in Brasil. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Michigan, Michigan.
• Mishra, Vinod & Smyth, Russell (2013). Working hours in Chinese enterprises: Evidence from matched employer–employee data, Industrial Relations Journal, 44 (1), 57-77.
• Mitchell, Janet B. (1984). Why do women physicians work fewer hours than men physicians?. Inquiry, 21 (4), 361-368.
• OECD (2024). Hours worked: 2014-2023. OECD, 15 Kasım 2024 tarihinde www.oecd.org adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
• OECD (2024). OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ac8b3538-en.
• ONS (2024). Table HOUR01: Actual weekly hours of work (seasonally adjusted). The Office for National Statistics, 26 Aralık 2024 tarihinde https://www.ons.gov.uk adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
• Parker, Carl Dean (1971). The Determinants of Hours of Work of Low-Income Family Heads: A Statistical Analysis. Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma.
• Philipp, Marie-Fleur, Buchau, Silke & Schober, Pia S. (2024). Who should scale back? Experimental evidence on employer support for part-time employment and working hours’ norms for couples with young children. Social Politics, 31 (3), 531-557.
• Sampson, Julia A. (2001). The employment decisions of female college students: influences and outcomes. Ph.D. Thesis, Kent State University, Ohio.
• Smedsvik, B. (2023). The Association between part-time employment and social assistance recipiency in Norway. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 3 (4), 23-37.
• Statistics Canada. Average usual and actual hours worked in a reference week by type of work (full- and part-time), monthly, unadjusted for seasonality. 15 Kasım 2024 tarihinde www150.statcan.gc.ca adresinden ulaşmıştır.
• Webbink, Ellen, Smits, Jeroen & Eelke de Jong (2015). Child Labor in Africa and Asia: Household and context determinants of hours worked in paid labor by young children in 16 low-income countries. European Journal of Development Research, 27 (1), 84-98.
• Wiechowski, Linda Susan, (2002). The effect of managed care on physicians' earnings, Ph.D. Thesis, Wayne State University, Michigan.
• Zwier, Dieuwke, Kalmijn, Matthijs & Bol, Thijs (2024). Fatherhood and men’s working hours in apart-time economy. Social Forces, 103 (2), 133-150.