Asya Kaplanları, Çin ve Türkiye’de Kişi Başına Düşen Gelir ile Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar-Ge) Harcamaları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri

Year 2021, Volume 29, Issue 48, 11 - 30, 28.04.2021

Mustafa KIRCA Şerif CANBAY Veysel İNAL Sema YILMAZ GENÇ

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.01

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Asya Kaplanları, (Hong Kong, Güney Kore, Singapur), Çin ve Türkiye için Ar-Ge harcamaları ile kişi başına düşen gelir arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler Konya (2006) tarafından geliştirilen bootstrap panel nedensellik testi kullanılarak araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada 1998-2016 dönemi verileri kullanılarak analizler yapılmaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre Hong Kong ve Güney Kore’de Ar-Ge harcamalarından kişi başına düşen gelire doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi vardır. Öte yandan, Çin ve Türkiye’de ise kişi başına düşen gelirden Ar-Ge harcamalarına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi vardır. Son olarak, bu nedensellik ilişkilerinin katsayıları ise pozitiftir.

Keywords

Ar-Ge Harcamaları, Ekonomik Büyüme, Kişi Başına Düşen Gelir

Causality Relationships Between Per Capita Income and Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures in Asian Tigers, China, and Turkey

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between R & D expenditures and per capita income for Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore), China, and Turkey. For this purpose, the relationships between variables are investigated using the bootstrap panel causality test developed by Konya (2006). In the study, analyses are made by using data for the period 1998-2016. According to the analysis results, there is a unidirectional causality relationship from R&D expenditures to per capita income in Hong Kong and Korea. On the other hand, there is a unidirectional causality relationship from per capita income to R&D expenditures in China and Turkey. The coefficients of these causality relationships are positive.

Keywords

R&D Expenditures, Economic Growth, Per Capita Income

References

• Aghion, P. & P. Howitt (1992), “Model of Growth Through Creative Destructio”, Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351.
• Aghion, P. & P. Howitt (1998), Endogenous Growth Theory, MIT press.
• Akinci, M. & H. Sevinç (2013), “The Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey, 1990-2011”, The Journal of International Social Research, 6(27), 7-17.
• Altin, O. & A. Kaya (2009), “Analysis of The Casual Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth for Turkey”, Ege Academic Review, 9(1), 251-259.
• Arrow, K.J. (1962), “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing”, The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173.
• Baltagi, B.H. & Q. Feng & C. Kao (2012), “A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”, Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-77.
• Barro, R.J. & X. Sala-i Martin (2004), Economic Growth, The MIT Press, ABD.
• Bond, S.R. & I. Guceri (2017), “R&D and Productivity: Evidence from Large UK Establishments with Substantial R&D Activities”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 26, 108-20.
• Bozkurt, C. (2015), “R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 188-198.
• Bravo-Ortega, C. & Á.G. Marín (2011), “R&D and Productivity: A Two Way Avenue?”, World Development, 39(7), 1090-1107.
• Breusch, T.S. & A.R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
• Dam, M.M. & B. Yildiz (2016), “Impact of R&D and Innovation on Economic Growth at BRICS-TM Countries: An Econometric Analysis”, Akdeniz University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 16(33), 220-236.
• Dereli, D.D. & U. Salgar (2019), “Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth: An Evaluation on Turkey”, Journal of Life Economics, 6(3), 345-360.
• Domar, E.D. (1946), “Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment”, Econometrica Journal of the Econometric Society, 137-147.
• Duman, K. & K. Aydin (2018), “The Relationship between R&D Expenditure and GDP in Turkey”, Gazi Journal of Economic & Business, 4(1), 49-66.
• Eaton, J. & S. Kortum (2006), “Innovation, Diffusion, and Trade”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No: 12385.
• Feng, P. & S. Ke (2016), “Self-selection and Performance of R&D Input of Heterogeneous Firms: Evidence from China’s Manufacturing Industries”, China Economic Review, 41, 181-95.
• Freeman, C. & L. Soete (2003), Economics of Industrial Innovation, (trans. E. Türkcan), TÜBİTAK Publishing, Ankara.
• Freimane, R. & S. Bāliņa (2016), “Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth in the EU: A Panel Data Analysis”, Economics and Business, 29(1), 5-11.
• Freire-Serҿn, M.J. (1999), “Aggregate R&D Expenditure and Endogenous Economic Growth”, UFAE and IAE Working Papers, No WP 436-99.
• Genc, M.C. & Y. Atasoy (2010), “The Relationship between R&D Expenditure and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis”, The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 5(2), 27-34.
• Gittleman, M. & E.N. Wolff (1995), “R&D Activity and Cross-Country Growth Comparisons”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 189-207.
• Goel, R.K. & R. Ram (1994), “Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Study”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 42(2), 403-11.
• Griliches, Z. (1985), “Productivity, R&D, and Basic Research at The Firm Level in the 1970’s”, American Economic Review, 76(1), 141-54.
• Grossman, G.M. & E. Helpman (1991), “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(1), 43-61.
• Guloglu, B. & R.B. Tekin (2012), “A panel causality analysis of the relationship among research and development, innovation, and economic growth in high-income OECD countries”, Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), 32-47.
• Harrod, R.F. (1939), “An Essay in Dynamic Theory”, The Economic Journal, 49(193), 14-33.
• Helpman, E. (1980), “Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights”, Econometrica, 61(6), 1247-1280.
• Jones, C.I. (2001), Introduction of Economic Growth, (Trans. S. Ateş & İ. Tuncer ), Literatür Publishing, Istanbul.
• Keirstead, B.S. (1948), The Theory of Economic Change, Macmillan, Toronto.
• Kesikoğlu, F. & Ş. Saraç (2017), “The Effect of R&D Expenditures on Economic Growth: Comparative Analysis of Nuts Level 1”, Int. Journal of Management Economics and Business, 13(13), 617-626.
• Kim, J.W. (2011), “The economic growth effect of R&D activity in Korea”, Korea and the World Economy, 12(1), 25-44.
• Kónya, L. (2006), “Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with A Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
• Kutbay, H. & E. Öz (2017), “Comparison of Tax Incentives Implemented for R&D Activities in Turkey and Selected Countries”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 783-802.
• Küçükkalay, A.M. (2010), History of Economic Thought, Beta Publishing, Istanbul.
• Lee, J.W. & B.G. Yu (2002), “An Endogenous Growth Model Approach to the Korean Economic Growth Factors”, The Journal of Productivity, 8, 1-13.
• Lichtenberg, F.R. (1992), “R&D Investment and International Productivity Differences”, Working Paper No. 4161, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.
• Luh, Y.H. & S.K. Chang (1997), “Building the Dynamic Linkages Between R&D and Productivity Growth”, Journal of Asian Economics, 8(4), 525-545.
• Marx, K. (2015), Capital, First Volume, 11th Edition, (Trans. A. Bilgi), Ankara: Sol Publications.
• Minniti, A. & F. Venturini (2017), “The long-run growth effects of R&D policy”, Research Policy, 46, 316-26.
• Ozcan, B. & A. Arı (2014), “The Relationship Between Research & Development Expenditures and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis”, Maliye Dergisi, 166(1), 39-55.
• Ozel, H.A. (2012), “Theoretical Grounds of Economic Growth”, Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 2(1), 63-72.
• Ozkan, G. & H. Yılmaz (2017), “The Effects of R&D Expenditures on High Technology Export and Per Capita Income: A Practice for Turkey, and 12 Member Countries of the European Union (1996-2015)”, The Journal of Knowledge Economy &Knowledge Management, 12(1), 1-12.
• Pack, H. & R.R. Nelson (1999), “The Asian Miracle and Modern Growth Theory”, Economic Journal, 109(457), 416-36.
• Pala, A. (2019), “Innovation and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Empirical Implication of Swamy’s Random Coefficient Model (RCM)”, Procedia Computer Science, 158, 1122-1130.
• Papageorgiou, C. & N. Spatafora (2012), “Economic Diversification in LIC’s; Stylized Facts and Macroeconomic Implication”, IMF Staff Discussion Notes, 12/13.
• Park, W.G. (1995), “International R&D Spillovers and OECD Economic Growth”, Economic Inquiry, 33(4), 571-591.
• Pesaran, M.H. & A. Ullah & T. Yamagata (2008), “A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence”, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
• Pesaran, M.H. & T. Yamagata (2008), “Testing slope homogeneity in large panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
• Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics.
• Rebelo, S. (1991), “Long-run policy analysis and long-run growth”, Journal of Political Econom, 99(3), 500-521.
• Ricardo, D. (2007), Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Belge Publishing, Istanbul.
• Romer, P.M. (1986), “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”, The Journal of Political Economy, 95(5), 1002-1037.
• Romer, P.M. (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of political Economy, 98(5), 71-102.
• Schumpeter, J.A. (1939), Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of The Capitalist Process, McGraw-Hill: New York and London.
• Shefer, D. & A. Frenkel (1998), “Local Milieu and Innovations: Some Empirical Results”, Annals of Regional Science, 32(1), 185-200.
• Shen, X. & B. Lin & W. Wu (2019), “R&D Efforts, Total Factor Productivity, and the Energy Intensity in China”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(11), 2566-2588.
• Sims, C.A. (1980), “Macroeconomics and Reality”, Econometrica, 48(1), 1.
• Snowdon, B. & H.R. Vane (2005), Modern macroeconomics: its origins, development and current state, Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Sokolov-Mladenović, S. & C. Slobodan & M. Igor (2016), “R&D Expenditure and Economic Growth: EU28 Evidence for the Period 2002-2012”, Economic Research, 29(1), 1005-20.
• Solow, R.M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
• Sungur, O. & H.İ. Aydın & M.V. Eren (2016), “The Relationship among R&D, Innovation, Export and Economic Growth in Turkey: Asymmetric Causality Analyis”, Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 173-192.
• Swamy, P.A.V.B. (1970), “Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model”, Econometrica, 38(2), 311-323.
• Sylwester, K. (2001), “R&D and Economic Growth”, Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 13(4), 71-84.
• Tari, R. & M.M. Alabaş (2017), “The Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey (1990-2014)”, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(2), 1-17.
• Taş, Ş. & İ. Taşar & Y. Açcı (2017), “Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth: Example of Turkey”, Omer Halisdemir University Academic Review of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 10(2), 197-206.
• The World Bank (2020), GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$), <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD>, 14.12.2019.
• The World Bank (2020), Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS>, 14.12.2019.
• Tuna, K. & E. Kayacan & H. Bektaş (2015), “The Relationship between Research & Development Expenditures and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 501-507.
• Türkmen, S. & H. Ağır & E. Günay (2019), “R&D and Economic Growth in Sellected OECD Countries: New Evidences from Panel Cointegration Approach”, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 14(2), 89-101.
• Uçak, S. & Ö. Kuvat & A.G. Aytekin (2018), “The Relationship between R&D Expenditures and Growth in Turkey: ARDL Approach”, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 129-160.
• Uzawa, H. (1965), “Optimum Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth”, International Economic Review, 6(1), 18-31.
• Wu, Y. & L. Zhou & J.X. Li (2007), “Cointegration and causality between R&D expenditure and economic growth in China: 1953-2004”, In International Conference on Public Administration, 76.
• Yanyun, Z. & Z. Mingqian (2004), “R& D and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis in ASEAN+3 Countries”, A Joint Conference of AKES, RCIE, and KDI: Korea and the World Economy, III, July 3-4. Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul.
• Yu-Ming, W. & Z. Li & L. Jian-Xia (2007), “Co-integration and Causality between R&D Expenditure and Economic Growth in China: 1953-2004”, International Conference on Public Administration, 869-876.
• Zachariadis, M. (2004), “R&D-induced Growth in the OECD?”, Review of Development Economics, 8(3), 423-439.
• Zellner, A. (1962), “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298), 348-68.
• Zhou, Y. & X. He & Y. Shen (2012), “An evaluation of the efficiency of Chinese industry enterprises’ innovation performance”, Economic Research Journal, 5, 107-119.