Postural kontrol ve spor: Spor branşlarına yönelik postural sensör-motor stratejiler ve postural salınım

Öz

Günlük hayatta, herhangi biri ile konuşurken, sırada beklerken ya da iş yaşamımızda genellikle birkaç dakikadan daha uzun süre ayakta durmak zorunda kalırız. Bu gibi doğal duruşlar sırasında, vücut sürekli düşük genlikli, yavaş salınımlı ve tüm vücut hareketleri ile karakterize edilen postural değişimler göstermektedir. Bu değişimler özellikle sportif etkinliklerde önemlidir. Çünkü sportif etkinliklerde bir motor aktivitenin gerçekleştirilebilmesi, hem dışsal dengeyi (kaygan zemin üzerinde yürümek, ışık değişimi vb) hem de içsel dengeyi bozucu güçlere (kas stiffness’ı, kas iskelet yaralanmaları ve yorgunluk vb) karşı denge görevini sürdürmeyi gerektirmektedir. Bu görevin en az efor ile gerçekleştirilebilmesi için, devam eden duruş sırasında postural değişimler ve vücut salınımındaki artışa en etkili yanıtın verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yanıt ise sensör (somatosensör, görsel ve vestibular) ve motor sistemin oldukça kompleks bağlantısını gerektiren postural kontrol sisteminin devreye girmesi ile gerçekleşmektedir. Postural kontrol, dinamik sensör-motor sürecin etkileşimine dayanan kompleks motor bir beceridir ve denge fonksiyonu verilen görev doğrultusunda postural kontrol altındaki tüm sistemlerin etkili kullanımını gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle postural stabilitenin sportif performans açısından rolünün belirlenmesine yönelik birçok araştırmanın yürütüldüğü görülmektedir. Bu araştırmalar sonucu dinamik ve statik koşullar altında postural stabilitenin değerlendirilebilmesi için çeşitli metotlar ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu metotlar kullanılarak her bir spor branşının gereklilikleri ile ilişkili farklı postural sensör-motor stratejiler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma; farklı spor branşlarına özgü motor görevlerin gerçekleştirilmesi sırasında ortaya çıkan postural salınıma ilişkin araştırmaları incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda spor branşındaki uzmanlığın postural salınım üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğuna dair spor branşları ile ilgili araştırmalara yer verilecektir. Araştırma destekli bilgi sentezini içeren bu çalışmanın sportif performansın ön koşullarından biri olan postural kontrol sisteminin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Denge, Sensör-Motor Sistem, Postür, Postural Kontrol, Postural Salınım, Spor Branşı

POSTURAL CONTROL AND SPORT: POSTURAL SENSOR MOTOR STRATEGIES AND POSTURAL SWAY IN DIFFERENT SPORT BRANCHES

Abstract

We have to stand more than couple of minutes during a conversation or waiting for a bus in our daily life. During these natural stances, our body shows some changes characterized with global body movements, low, continuous and slow amplitude sways. These changes are important during sportive activities. Because accomplishment of sports activities needs to endure both intrinsic (muscle stiffness, muscle skeletal injuries and fatigue) and extrinsic (walking on slippery floor, light changes) perturbations. For realization of a given task with minimum effort, the most effective response should be given during continuous postural changes and the increase in body sway. This response is accomplished by utilization of postural control systems, which needs to combine the complex connection of both sensory (somatosensory, visual and vestibular) and motor systems. Postural control is complex motor skill, which needs interaction of sensory motor processes. Balance function needs effective usage of the whole system under postural control. Therefore, its role in performance and health has been a matter of interest among conditioning specialists and researchers for many years. There have been some studies concetrating on postural stability under dynamic and static conditions. These studies have created some measurement methods and these methods have been using to develop postural sensorimotor strategies for each individual sport branches. The purpose of the current review is to evaluate postural sway during accomplishment of sport specific motor tasks. So, a review will be conducted on current literature related with sport specific postural sway patterns. The current review is considered to provide a synthesis of the research-based knowledge on postural sway that has been one of the basics of sport performance

Keywords

• Balance, Sensory-Motor System, Posture, Postural Control, Postural Sway, Sport Branch.

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