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GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE AMERİKAN OKUL SPORLARI SİSTEMİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 13 - 23, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.497643

Abstract

Amerikan ortaöğretim ve yükseköğretim sisteminde
yer alan okulların rekabetçi spor uygulamalarının başlangıcını ve geçirdiği
dönüşümü inceleyen bu araştırmada doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Diğer ülkelerin aksine, spor yönetiminde şemsiye bir teşkilatın olmadığı
Amerika’da liseler, kolejler ve profesyonel ligler temel spor tedarikçileri
olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Amerikan lise ve kolejlerinde eğitim ile ilgili
sorumlulukların yanında sporun organizasyonu ve öğrencilere sportif
aktivitelere katılım fırsatları da sunulmaktadır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci
yarısından itibaren liseler arasında ve kolejler arasında başlayan spor
yarışmaları tüm hızıyla devam etmektedir. Özellikle 1972 yılında çıkarılan
eğitim kurumlarında kız ve erkek öğrencilere eşit fırsatlar sunulmasını
sağlayan yasa ile lise ve kolejlerde spor yapan kız öğrencilerin sayısı ciddi
oranda artmıştır.  Amerikan eğitim
sisteminin içerisine bu denli güçlü bir yapıda bağlanan okul sporları hem
eğitim hem de sporun gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Özetle okul
sporları Amerikan eğitim sisteminin önemli bir bileşeni olarak varlığını
sürdürmekte ve Amerikan kültürüne katkıda bulunmaya devam etmektedir.

References

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  • Hums M.A., MacLean J.C. (2004). Governance and policy in sport organizations. Scottsdale, AZ: H. Hathaway Publishers.
  • Judge J., O'Brien T. (2012). Equity and Title IX in intercollegiate athletics: A practical guide for colleges and universities. Web URL: http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/EQTI12.pdf (E-kitap, 24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
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  • NCAA (2018c). Scholarships. Web URL: http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/future/scholarships (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NCAA (2018d). International student-athletes. Web URL: http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/future/international-student-athletes (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NFHS (2018a). The NFHS celebrates 100 years. Web URL: https://www.nfhs.org/100years (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NFHS (2018b). About us. Web URL: https://www.nfhs.org/who-we-are/aboutus (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NYSPHSAA (2016). About NYSPHSAA. Web URL: http://www.nysphsaa.org/About-NYSPHSAA/General-Information/Who-We-Are (22.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • OHSAA (2018). Eligibility guide for participation in high school athletics. Web URL: https://ohsaa.org/Portals/0/Eligibility/OtherEligibiltyDocs/EligibilityGuideHS.pdf (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
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  • Philosophy of interscholastic athletics (2018). Philosophy of interscholastic athletics. Web URL: http://www.risingsunschools.com/athletics-rshs/athletic-handbook/file (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Pruter R. (2013). The rise of American high school sports and the search for control: 1880-1930. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Riess S.A. (2011). Sports in America from colonial times to the twenty-first century: An Encyclopedia. Volume 2. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Rubin L.M., Lough N.L. (2015). Perspectives of Title IX pioneers: Equity, equality and need. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 109-130.
  • Seifried C., Casey T. (2012). Managing the selection of highly competitive interscholastic sport teams: Recommendations from coaches on cutting players. Journal of Sport Administration & Supervision, 4(1), 79-96.
  • Smith R.A. (1988). Sports and freedom: The rise of big time college athletics. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Stevenson B. (2007). Title IX and the evolution of high school sports. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25(4), 486-505.
  • U.S. Department of Education (2016). Title IX and sex discrimination. Web URL: http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Yıldırım A., Şimşek H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 6. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 13 - 23, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.497643

Abstract

References

  • Arizona Interscholastic Association (2018). Article 14: General provisions. Web URL: http://aiaonline.org/files/64/article-14-general-provisions.pdf (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Davies R.O. (2012). Sports in American life: A History. Second Edition. UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • FHSAA (2016). Florida High School Athletic Association: Sports. Web URL: http://www.fhsaa.org/ (22.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Gems G.R., Pfister G. (2009). Understanding American sports. London: Routledge.
  • Hastings P., Caven T. (2007). How to win a sports scholarship. Third Edition. California: Redwood Creek Publishing.
  • Holdsworth J.M. (2016). Title IX- school sports, intercollegiate athletics. Web URL: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2511/Title-IX.html (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Hums M.A., MacLean J.C. (2004). Governance and policy in sport organizations. Scottsdale, AZ: H. Hathaway Publishers.
  • Judge J., O'Brien T. (2012). Equity and Title IX in intercollegiate athletics: A practical guide for colleges and universities. Web URL: http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/EQTI12.pdf (E-kitap, 24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Kaptan S. (1998). Bilimsel araştırma ve istatistik ekniktleri. 11. Baskı. Ankara: Tekışık Web Ofset.
  • Karasar N. (2004). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. 13. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Leonard W.M. (1998). A sociological perspective of sport. Fifth Edition. USA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Martinez C. (2016). 2016 Rio Olympics: Current NCAA student-athletes competing by school. Web URL: https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2016-07-28/2016-rio-olympics-ncaa-olympic-student-athletes-school (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • McCLellan G.S., King C., Rockey D.L. (2012). The handbook of college athletics and recreation administration. USA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Montgomery J.A. (1975). The growth of the interscholastic athletics movement in the United States, 1890-1940. Edited with essays by Zeigler, E.F. A History of Physical Education & Sport in the United States and Canada (Selected Topics). Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company.
  • NCAA (2016). 2016-2017 guide for the college-bound student-athlete. NCAA Eligibility Center.
  • NCAA (2018a). 2018-2019 guide for the college-bound student-athlete. NCAA Eligibility Center.
  • NCAA (2018b). Our three divisions. Web URL: http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/ncaa-101/our-three-divisions (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NCAA (2018c). Scholarships. Web URL: http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/future/scholarships (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NCAA (2018d). International student-athletes. Web URL: http://www.ncaa.org/student-athletes/future/international-student-athletes (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NFHS (2018a). The NFHS celebrates 100 years. Web URL: https://www.nfhs.org/100years (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NFHS (2018b). About us. Web URL: https://www.nfhs.org/who-we-are/aboutus (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • NYSPHSAA (2016). About NYSPHSAA. Web URL: http://www.nysphsaa.org/About-NYSPHSAA/General-Information/Who-We-Are (22.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • OHSAA (2018). Eligibility guide for participation in high school athletics. Web URL: https://ohsaa.org/Portals/0/Eligibility/OtherEligibiltyDocs/EligibilityGuideHS.pdf (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Özdamar K. (2003). Modern bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
  • Pedersen P.M., Thibault L. (2018). Contemporary sport management. Sixth Edition, Human Kinetics. Web URL: https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=TNNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=Interscholastic+athletics+in+the+United+States+plays+an+important+role+in+shaping+the+lives+of+nearly+8+million+students+per+year&source=bl&ots=LAp6MtnJty&sig=dhHfBqV_d7qrJe9Y-pfKYq5B-Eo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi67Oyoo9beAhVC-qQKHUpSB5UQ6AEwC3oECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=Interscholastic%20athletics%20in%20the%20United%20States%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20shaping%20the%20lives%20of%20nearly%208%20million%20students%20per%20year&f=false (E-kitap, 15.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Philosophy of interscholastic athletics (2018). Philosophy of interscholastic athletics. Web URL: http://www.risingsunschools.com/athletics-rshs/athletic-handbook/file (06.11.2018 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Pruter R. (2013). The rise of American high school sports and the search for control: 1880-1930. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Riess S.A. (2011). Sports in America from colonial times to the twenty-first century: An Encyclopedia. Volume 2. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Rubin L.M., Lough N.L. (2015). Perspectives of Title IX pioneers: Equity, equality and need. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 109-130.
  • Seifried C., Casey T. (2012). Managing the selection of highly competitive interscholastic sport teams: Recommendations from coaches on cutting players. Journal of Sport Administration & Supervision, 4(1), 79-96.
  • Smith R.A. (1988). Sports and freedom: The rise of big time college athletics. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Stevenson B. (2007). Title IX and the evolution of high school sports. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25(4), 486-505.
  • U.S. Department of Education (2016). Title IX and sex discrimination. Web URL: http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html (24.11.2016 tarihinde erişildi).
  • Yıldırım A., Şimşek H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 6. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Sabri Özçakır

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özçakır, S. (2019). GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE AMERİKAN OKUL SPORLARI SİSTEMİNİN İNCELENMESİ. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.497643

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