Bizans Kapadokyasından İmitasyon Perde Gösterimler

Abstract

Bu makale, Kapadokya duvar resimlerindeki imitasyon perde deseni örneklerini ayrıntıyla tanıtarak, Bizans sanatında görülen diğer perde taklidi kompozisyonlarla karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunu yaparken Bizans döneminde sivil ve dini mimaride perde kullanımına ve imitasyon perde desenlerinin teolojik açıdan önemine de yer verilmiştir. Eski ve Yeni Ahit metinleri kadar Kapadokya Kilise Babalarından Nissa’lı Gregorius’un dini yorumları yani risaleleri de perde desenlerinin Hıristiyan dini yapılarındaki kullanımlarını özendirmiş olabilir. Bu anlamda makalemizde perde desenlerinin teolojik açılımlarına da yer verilmektedir. Bizans sanatında karşılaştığımız bu desenin Roma sanat geleneklerinin bir devamı olduğunun da altı çizilmek istenmiştir. Erken Bizans dönemi ile birlikte birçok eserde perde desenine rastlamamız mümkündür. Asıl yazımıza konu olan Kapadokya bölgesi Bizans dönemi kiliselerinde; imitasyon perde desenleri bölgede daha çok 9 - 11. yüzyıla tarihlendirilen duvar resimlerinde görülmektedir. Yaptığımız çalışmalarda, bu duruma tek istisnana Ihlara Bezirana Kilisesi (13. yy. sonu 14. yy. başı) apsisindeki örnektir. Bu desenin bölgede özellikle kiliselerin naos ya da apsis duvar resimlerinin anikonik bezemesinde kullanıldığı tespit edilmiş ayrıca, bu alanlarda duvarların alt kısımlarında figüratif sahnelere sınır oluşturarak, ana motif konumunda ve bir sıra halinde resmedildikleri dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Kapadokya bölgesi duvar resimlerinde bulunan imitasyon perde desenleri, Bizans sanatındaki karşılaştığımız diğer örnekleri ile bezeme özellikleri, desen kompozisyonu, ölçü, renk skalası gibi özellikler bağlamında karşılaştırılmış, teolojik kökleri ile Bizans sanatındaki gelişimi örneklerle anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca, perde deseninin Bizans İmparatorluğundaki yeri, önemi ve kullanım alanları örneklerle açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

• Bizans Sanatı
• Kapadokya
• Duvar Resimleri
• Motif
• İmitasyon Perde

Imitation Curtain Depictions from Byzantine Cappadocia

Abstract

By scrutinising examples of imitation curtain patterns on Cappadocian wall paintings, this article aims to comparatively evaluate other curtain imitation compositions seen in Byzantine art. In addition to this, the use of curtains in civil and religious architecture (especially at the entrances of large structures) in the Byzantine Period and the theological importance of imitation curtain patterns in the Byzantine Period are also discussed. Curtains were found in all areas of the Empire, although few have survived. In addition to the positive influences of Old and New Testament texts, religious commentaries called tractates written by Gregorius of Nyssa, one of the Cappadocian Church Fathers, may have encouraged the use of curtain patterns in Christian religious structures. Based on this, the theological explanations of aniconic curtain patterns are also included in our article. The article also aims to prove that this pattern we encounter in Byzantine art is a continuation of Roman art traditions. It is possible to find curtain patterns in a lot of handiwork from the early Byzantine Period. Among the churches of the Byzantine Period in the Cappadocia region, which is our main subject, imitation curtain patterns are primarily seen in wall paintings dating to the 9th - 11th centuries. In this study, we have identified that the only exception to this situation is the example in the apse of Ihlara Bezirana Church (end of 13th century, beginning of 14th century). The pattern was implemented especially in the aniconic ornament of the naos or apse wall paintings of the churches in the region, and it is noteworthy that they were painted as the main motif in a row, forming the border of the figural scenes on the lower parts of the walls (in the areas below the human waist). This study explains the properties of the imitation curtain patterns found in the wall paintings of Cappadocia and compares them in terms of ornamental properties, pattern composition, size, colour scale, and theological roots and development in Byzantine art. In addition, the importance of the curtain pattern, its usage areas and its features in the Byzantine Empire have been explained with examples.

Keywords

• Byzantine Art
• Cappadocia
• Wall Paintings
• Motif
• Imitation Curtain

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