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The Emergence of Monastery System in Early Christian Period

Year 2007, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 49 - 65, 01.12.2009

Abstract

Christian monasticism dates back to the beginning of the fourth century with its foundations being in Egypt. The ones who started this movement were the ascetics who wanted to fulfill their religious duties undistracted by worldly affairs. According to the written documents, the hermits came together around Antony who led a long reclusive life in the deserts of Egypt. This group of hermits turned out to be the first monastic community and Antony was regarded as the founder of the monasticism. This monastic system, based on individual responsibility and solitary life with no rules, was called lavra. Another important hermit from Upper Egypt was Pachomius who gave a new direction to the Christian monasticism. He gathered a community of his disciples living together behind the walls of a monastery. This new system called koinobion was believed as the foundation of Western and Eastern monasteries.

References

  • Ahunbay, M., “Manastır”, Eczacıbaşı Sanat Ansiklopedisi, C.2,Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, s. 1159-1164.
  • Atiya, A. S., A History of Eastern Christianity, Milwood, N.Y., Kraus Reprint, 1980.
  • Baldwin, B. – Kazhdan, A – Sevcenko, N. P., “Athanasios”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. I, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 217–218.
  • Chitty, D. J., The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egyptian and Palestinian Monasticism under the Christian Empire,Oxford, 1966.
  • Delehaye, H., “Byzantine Monasticism”, Byzantium, (Ed. H.N.Baynes – H. Moss), Oxford, 1948, s. 136-165.
  • Farag, F.R., Sociological and Moral Studies in the Field of Coptic Monasticism, Leiden, Watterson, a.g.e., s. 67. Ayrıca bkz., Patrich, a.g.e., s. 20. Phbow, bugün yeri belli olan tek Pakhomios manastırıdır. Bkz., Goehring, a.g.e., s. 96. Patrich, a.g.e., s. 18-19. Talbot, a.g.e., s. 165. Goehring, J.E., Ascetics, Society and the Desert. Studies in Early Egyptian Monasticism, Trinity Press International, Harrisburg, 1999.
  • Gregory, T.E., “Origen”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 3, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 1534.
  • Hussey, J.M., “Byzantine Monasticism”, Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire,, Vol. 4, pt. 2, Cambridge 1967, s. 161-184.
  • Judge, E.A., “The Earliest Use of Monachos for ‘Monk’ and the Origins of Monasticism”, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Vol. 20, 1977, s. 72
  • Kutsal Kitap, 2006, İstanbul, Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi.
  • Meinardus, O., Monk and Monasteries of the Egyptian Deserts, Cairo, 1989.
  • Patrich, J., Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism. A Comparative Study of Eastern Monasticism, Fourth to Seventh Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C.,1995.
  • Popovic, S., The Architectural Iconography of the Late Byzantine Monastery, Canadian Institute of Balkan Studies, 1997.
  • Popovic, S., “The Trapeza in the Cenobitic Monasteries: Architectural and Spiritual Contexts”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 52, 1998, s. 281-303.
  • Roilidis, J., “Eastern Monasticism: From Desert to the Ultimate North. An Architectural Appraisal”, Acta Byzantina Fennica, Vol. 9, 1997-1998, s. 153-191.
  • Talbot, A. M., “Bizans Manastır Sistemine Giriş”, Cogito, C. 17, 1999, s. 161–176.
  • Talbot, A. M., “Kellia”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 2, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 1119–1120.
  • Talbot, A. M. – Kazhdan, A., “Lavra”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 2, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 1190.
  • Timbie, J. A. – Cutler, A., “Desert”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 1, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 613.
  • Walters, C.C., Monastic Archaeology in Egypt, Warminster, 1974.
  • Warren, M.L., Ascetism in the Christian Transformation of Self in Margery Kempe, William Thorpe, and John Rogers, Studies in Religion and Society, Vol. 60, Lewiston, New York, E. Melen Press, 2003.
  • Watterson, B., Coptic Egypt, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1988.
  • White, H.G.E., The Monasteries of The Wadi’n Natrun, The History of Nitria and Of Scetis, Vol. 2, New York, 1932.
  • White, H.G.E., The Monasteries of The Wadi’n Natrun. The Architecture and Archaeology, Vol. 3, New York, 1933.

Erken Hırıstiyanlık Döneminde Manastır Sisteminin Doğuşu

Year 2007, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 49 - 65, 01.12.2009

Abstract

 

Hıristiyan manastırcılığı 4.yy başlarında Mısır’da ortaya çıkan manastır hareketine dayanmaktadır. Bu manastır hareketini başlatanlar ibadetlerini rahatsız edilmeden yapabilmek için toplumdan uzaklaşarak çölde inzivaya çekilen münzevilerdi. Yazılı kaynaklara göre, Mısır çöllerinde uzun bir münzevi hayatı süren Antonios’un etrafında onun deneyimlerinden yararlanmak için toplanan münzeviler, ilk bilinen Hıristiyan topluluğunu oluşturur. Antonios da Hıristiyan manastırcılığının kurucusu olarak kabul edilir. Kuralların olmadığı, tamamen bireysel yaşamın hâkim olduğu bu manastır sistemi lavra olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Hıristiyan manastırcılığına yeni bir yön veren başka önemli bir münzevi Yukarı Mısır’da ortaya çıkan Pakhomios’tur. Müritlerini kapalı duvarlar arkasında ortak bir yaşama biçimine sokarak, manastırcılığı bugünkü biçimine yakın hale getirmiştir. Koinobion olarak adlandırılan bu manastır sistemiyle, Hıristiyan manastırcılığına yeni bir yön verilmiş, Doğu ve Batı manastır kurumunun temeli atılmıştır.

References

  • Ahunbay, M., “Manastır”, Eczacıbaşı Sanat Ansiklopedisi, C.2,Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, s. 1159-1164.
  • Atiya, A. S., A History of Eastern Christianity, Milwood, N.Y., Kraus Reprint, 1980.
  • Baldwin, B. – Kazhdan, A – Sevcenko, N. P., “Athanasios”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. I, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 217–218.
  • Chitty, D. J., The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egyptian and Palestinian Monasticism under the Christian Empire,Oxford, 1966.
  • Delehaye, H., “Byzantine Monasticism”, Byzantium, (Ed. H.N.Baynes – H. Moss), Oxford, 1948, s. 136-165.
  • Farag, F.R., Sociological and Moral Studies in the Field of Coptic Monasticism, Leiden, Watterson, a.g.e., s. 67. Ayrıca bkz., Patrich, a.g.e., s. 20. Phbow, bugün yeri belli olan tek Pakhomios manastırıdır. Bkz., Goehring, a.g.e., s. 96. Patrich, a.g.e., s. 18-19. Talbot, a.g.e., s. 165. Goehring, J.E., Ascetics, Society and the Desert. Studies in Early Egyptian Monasticism, Trinity Press International, Harrisburg, 1999.
  • Gregory, T.E., “Origen”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 3, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 1534.
  • Hussey, J.M., “Byzantine Monasticism”, Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire,, Vol. 4, pt. 2, Cambridge 1967, s. 161-184.
  • Judge, E.A., “The Earliest Use of Monachos for ‘Monk’ and the Origins of Monasticism”, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Vol. 20, 1977, s. 72
  • Kutsal Kitap, 2006, İstanbul, Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi.
  • Meinardus, O., Monk and Monasteries of the Egyptian Deserts, Cairo, 1989.
  • Patrich, J., Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism. A Comparative Study of Eastern Monasticism, Fourth to Seventh Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C.,1995.
  • Popovic, S., The Architectural Iconography of the Late Byzantine Monastery, Canadian Institute of Balkan Studies, 1997.
  • Popovic, S., “The Trapeza in the Cenobitic Monasteries: Architectural and Spiritual Contexts”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 52, 1998, s. 281-303.
  • Roilidis, J., “Eastern Monasticism: From Desert to the Ultimate North. An Architectural Appraisal”, Acta Byzantina Fennica, Vol. 9, 1997-1998, s. 153-191.
  • Talbot, A. M., “Bizans Manastır Sistemine Giriş”, Cogito, C. 17, 1999, s. 161–176.
  • Talbot, A. M., “Kellia”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 2, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 1119–1120.
  • Talbot, A. M. – Kazhdan, A., “Lavra”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 2, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 1190.
  • Timbie, J. A. – Cutler, A., “Desert”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 1, New York – Oxford, 1991, s. 613.
  • Walters, C.C., Monastic Archaeology in Egypt, Warminster, 1974.
  • Warren, M.L., Ascetism in the Christian Transformation of Self in Margery Kempe, William Thorpe, and John Rogers, Studies in Religion and Society, Vol. 60, Lewiston, New York, E. Melen Press, 2003.
  • Watterson, B., Coptic Egypt, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1988.
  • White, H.G.E., The Monasteries of The Wadi’n Natrun, The History of Nitria and Of Scetis, Vol. 2, New York, 1932.
  • White, H.G.E., The Monasteries of The Wadi’n Natrun. The Architecture and Archaeology, Vol. 3, New York, 1933.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section RESEARCH
Authors

Ayça Tiryaki This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2007 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tiryaki, A. (2009). Erken Hırıstiyanlık Döneminde Manastır Sisteminin Doğuşu. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 16(2), 49-65.