Ortaçağ Kırsalında Savaş, Askerler ve Yerleşimler

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 1, 297 - 319, 09.07.2022

H. Ceylan Karaca

https://doi.org/10.29135/std.983078

Abstract

7. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ile 10. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı arasında doğu sınırında düzenli gerçekleşen Arap akınları, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun sınır politikasını yoğun ölçüde etkilemiştir. Akınlar ilkin, bazen bir strategosun bazen ise bir kleisourarkhesin otoritesi altında bulunan askeri birliklerin düzenlenmesini ve güçlendirilmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Belirlenen politika ise, asker yetiştirmek, yerleşik topluluğun yaşamını sürdürmesi ve kendini savunması için gerekli olanın sağlanmasıdır. Bu savunma stratejisi sınırın iç tarafında düşmanın ilerleyebileceği geçitleri kontrol noktaları ile kapatmak, zaten var olanları güçlendirmek, sınırın dışında insansız sınır bölgeleri oluşturmaktı. Bu noktada, hem zaten büyük ölçüde kendi toprağı üzerinde yaşayan askerin, hem de asker dışındaki köylü nüfusun sürekliliği için köylerin ve kullanılabilir verimli arazinin de varlığını ve önemini göz ardı etmemek gerekir. 10. yüzyılda Makedonya hanedanlığı imparatorlarının toprak kanunu metinleri, Bizans kırsalının en önemli yapılanması olan köyün sosyal, ekonomik ve mali bütünlüğünün korunmaya çalışıldığını gösterir. Aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, imparatorluğun özellikle güneydoğu sınırında kontrolün yeniden ve kalıcı olarak kazanılması, bölgede nüfusun da artmasını, toprağın daha iyi ve daha verimli kullanılmasını, yeni yerleşimlerin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Aslında, hem toprak kanunu metinlerinin hem de “askeri taktik” metinlerinin sözünü ettiği yerel aristokrasi ve “güçlü bireyler” de kırsalın bu yeni düzeninden türemiş, bu düzenin önemli bir parçası olmaya devam etmiştir. 10. yüzyıl dönem metinlerinde açıkça tanımlanan bu “güçlü bireyler”den asker olanlar çalışmada ele alınmış, ne tür yerleşimlerde ve dini yapılarda bani oldukları, bu yerleşimler ve yapılarla bire bir bağlarının olup olmadığı ve bu yerleşimlerden (dolayısıyla banilerden) hangilerinin sürekliliğinin izlenebildiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Askerler çeşitli yerleşimlerde ve farklı işlevlere sahip dini yapılarda bani olsalar da, hem ekonomik devamlılıklarını nasıl sağladıkları hem de o noktaya yerleştirilmelerindeki ana motif, daha çok köy yerleşimlerinde görünür olmaktadır.

Keywords

Bizans Kappadokia’sı, asker baniler, bani portreleri, ithaf yazıtları, köy yerleşimi

Warfare, Soldiers and Settlements in Medieval Countryside

Abstract

The constant Arab campaigns on its eastern border between the second half of the seventh and the second half of the tenth century largely affected the border politics and military landscape of the Byzantine Empire. The invasions brought about the creation of military units under the authority of a strategos or a kleisourarches. Likewise, the border politics were based upon the maintenance of a soldier who would do his military service, and upon providing the supplies that would make the local commune to maintain its life and defend itself at the same time. In the inner side of the border, this defensive strategy was to hinder the routes easily passible by the enemy with control posts and strongholds or to strengthen them, while the strategy for the outer side of the border was to create a no man’s land and a buffer zone.
Herein, we should keep in mind that the very presence of villages and the surrounding arable land had utmost importance for both the civil village commune and for the soldiers who made their living on the land. Parallel to that, the land legislation of the Macedonian emperors in the 10th century shows that the social, economic and fiscal solidarity of the village as the principal unit of the countryside was meant to be protected. In the second half of the same century, the reconquests and control especially on the southern and south-eastern border ensured a population increase, the use of land with a higher economic yield, and the creation of more organized settlements, mostly villages. Furthermore, the local aristocracy and “the powerful/the powerful magnates” of which the legislative and military texts of the era referred to derived from this organization and became a very crucial part of it.
The present study deals with the “powerful” soldiers and military men who were certainly a part of that group defined in a direct way in the legislative texts of the 10th century. The primary aim is to understand in what kind of settlements the soldiers became donors, whether they had any organic link to the very settlement or monument, and whether the continuity and chronology of the settlements can be followed up. The article includes the religious buildings which bear the inscriptions, portraits of the military donors along with their offices and titles. As it will be seen, the soldiers became donors and made bestowments for monastic complexes, domestic complexes, burial chapels, and hermitages. Although the military became donors in different settlements and of churches with different religious meanings, the way the donors carried on their economic welfare and the main motif of their being settled exactly at the geographical points become more apparent in village settlements.

Keywords

Byzantine Cappadocia, military donors, donor portraits, dedicatory inscriptions, village settlement

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