Doğu Anadolu’da Van Gölü’nün kuzeyinde, sahilden Süphan Dağı’nın eteklerine doğru meyilli bir arazi üzerinde Bitlis iline bağlı olarak kurulan Adilcevaz ilçesinde, farklı kültürel katmanlara ait mimari miras niteliği taşıyan kültürel varlıklar bulunmaktadır. Adilcevaz Kalesinin güneyinde inşa edilen Adilcevaz Eski/ Ulu Camii, miras niteliği taşıyan bu anıtsal yapılardan birisidir. Yapının ilk inşa tarihi ile yapan ve/ veya yaptıran kişiye ait kesin bir bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte, araştırmalar farklı iki görüşün olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma kapsamında farklı yazarlar tarafından camiye ilişkin yapılan araştırmalardan ve literatürden gelen bilgiler, yerinde yapılan belgeleme ve inceleme sonuçları ile birlikte değerlendirilmiş, yapının mimari niteliği dönemsel kullanımlarla karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş, yapının tarihi süreçteki değişimi tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma, bölgedeki en erken camilerden biri olarak kabul edilen ve kesin inşa tarihi bilinmeyen Adilcevaz Ulu Camii’nin mimari özelliklerini analiz etmeyi; araştırma sürecinde elde edilen veriler ve üretilen belgeler doğrultusunda yapının geçirdiği dönüşüme ilişkin geliştirilen önerileri akademisyenler ve araştırmacılarla paylaşmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Adilcevaz Ulu Camii Bitlis tarihi yapıları Selçuklu mimarisi Sahınlı cami planı Kronolojik öneri
Araştırma çalışmasına, arşivlerindeki önemli belgeleri paylaşarak katkı veren Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü ve Bitlis Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü'ne teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca yapının mimarlık tarihi ve sanat tarihi açısından değerlendirilmesi sürecinde tartışma ortamı sağladığımız Çiğdem Başkan ve Şule Pfeiffer Taş'a değerli görüşleri ve katkıları için minnettarım.
Located in Adilcevaz, a district of Bitlis province in Eastern Anatolia, on sloping terrain stretching from the shore of Lake Van towards the foothills of Mount Süphan, the region is home to cultural assets that represent architectural heritage from various cultural layers. One of these monumental structures is the Adilcevaz Eski/Ulu Mosque, situated south of the Adilcevaz Castle.
Although definitive information about the mosque’s initial construction date and its builder or commissioner is unavailable, research has revealed two differing views on its origin. In his 1971 study, Tuncer noted that the mosque’s original three-aisled plan scheme served as a prototype for some structures in Erzurum and Bitlis, highlighting its significance. Later, in his 1992 publication, Yaşa initially dated the mosque to the 14th-15th centuries but, referencing Tuncer’s work, suggested that “considering the mosque’s plan scheme as a precursor to three-aisled mosques seen in Erzurum and Bitlis, it could be dated to the Seljuk period.” During research conducted by Uluçam on the Adilcevaz Grand Mosque, partially erased construction inscriptions were deciphered, which, although not definitively confirming the mosque’s exact construction date, indicated that the structure was built before the 14th century. Based on these findings, Uluçam dated the mosque to the 12th century (Ahlatshah period).
During research, it was concluded that the Adilcevaz Grand Mosque was originally constructed in the 12th century with a three-aisled plan in its initial phase and was later expanded with the addition of two more aisles on the western side, resulting in a five-aisled structure.
In other words, in its first construction phase, the mosque was designed with three aisles running perpendicular to the qibla wall. The central aisle, which housed the mihrab and served as the main prayer space, was built wider and higher than the two narrower aisles flanking it. In subsequent periods, the mosque was expanded. The most significant evidence supporting this view is the presence of a dilatation joint, still visible in the structure and identifiable in old photographs. However, due to later repairs, this joint has become less apparent at first glance. The joint appears as a thin line on the southern façade, between the second window from the western edge and the window near the mihrab wall.
This trace within the structure is the strongest indication that the mosque initially had a three-aisled plan. This evidence is further supported by architectural comparisons with other structures of the same period and region. The Adilcevaz Grand Mosque gains significance in terms of the architectural development and interactions of the region, as its three-aisled plan is considered a prototype for some structures in Erzurum and Bitlis.
In this context, this study evaluates information from previous research and literature by various authors on the mosque, along with findings from on-site documentation and analysis. The architectural qualities of the structure are examined comparatively in the context of its periodical usage, and the changes the mosque underwent throughout history are discussed.
This study aims to analyze the architectural characteristics of the Adilcevaz Grand Mosque—one of the earliest known mosques in the region, whose exact date of construction remains uncertain—and to present proposals concerning the transformation of the structure, based on the data collected and the documentation generated throughout the research process, for the benefit of fellow scholars and researchers.
Adilcevaz Grand Mosque Bitlis historical buildings Seljuk architecture Hypostyle mosque plan Chronological proposal
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Subjects | History of Architecture |
Journal Section | RESEARCH |
Authors | |
Early Pub Date | July 14, 2025 |
Publication Date | July 14, 2025 |
Submission Date | January 9, 2025 |
Acceptance Date | May 5, 2025 |
Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 34 Issue: 1 |