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Revitalizing a Vernacular Architectural Element Through Sustainability: Contemporary Applications of Mashrabiya

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 15 - 36, 04.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.56590/stdarticle.1517273

Abstract

Purpose: Adequate natural lighting and thermal comfort, key components of sustainable spatial design, can be effectively managed using sunshades. There has been considerable interest in how mashrabiya, a traditional element of vernacular architecture that serves as a form of sun shading, is incorporated into contemporary designs. This study explores the integration of mashrabiya, a traditional architectural feature, into modern design practices, with a focus on sustainability.
Conceptual Framework: Currently, there is a growing demand for sustainable solutions across various design fields, with a particular emphasis on architectural elements that reflect cultural values and offer environmental advantages. The mashrabiya, which was originally used for shading and ventilation in hot, dry climates, serves as a prime example of sustainable design principles. This research explores the historical importance, technological developments, and possible uses of mashrabiya in both traditional and contemporary architecture, especially regarding its impact on daylighting design. It assesses how effective mashrabiya is in improving lighting quality, maximizing natural daylight, and enhancing the cultural identity of architectural settings in different parts of the world. By incorporating mashrabiya into modern designs, architects can pay tribute to traditional methods while tackling current environmental issues.
Method: This study employed qualitative research methods with data collected through document analysis. Within the framework of sustainability, buildings worldwide related to the subject were examined, focusing on the materials and methods used in both vernacular and modern applications of mashrabiya. The study evaluates sun-shading applications that control natural lighting and provide thermal comfort by analyzing the materials and construction methods used from the past to the present. Aspects of sun shading, including the type of pattern, whether it is fixed or movable, and whether it is two-dimensional or three-dimensional, were examined through various examples.
Findings: In local architecture, designs are primarily categorized into two types: plain and projected mashrabiya. Although five distinct patterns are commonly recognized, there are instances in which these patterns are combined. The density of the patterns and textures directly influence the interior lighting and light direction. The patterns analyzed in vernacular architecture can be viewed as two-dimensional sunshades and fixed elements. In modern applications, two design types have been identified: shape-variable and parametric mashrabiya. The examples discussed include moving elements; in the first case, a two-dimensional moving sunshade is referenced, whereas in the second case, a three-dimensional moving sunshade is described. In vernacular architecture, sunshades are typically constructed from wood, whereas modern applications utilize a variety of materials including metal and wood.
Conclusion: Initially, thermal comfort was achieved using sunshades and water pots. In contemporary examples of mashrabiya, only sunshade features are used. Traditionally composed of two-dimensional fixed elements, mashrabiya have evolved to incorporate movement in modern applications. Today, it is not only referred to as a shading device but also as an adaptive facade system. With the incorporation of various materials and integration of moving components, these advanced versions differ significantly from traditional designs. In modern applications, shape-variable mashrabiya can be more closely associated with examples found in vernacular architecture.

References

  • ABDELKADER R., PARK J. (2018). Sustainable Building Façades: Modern Usages of the Traditional Mashrabiya. Open House International, 43(2), 69-76. doi:10.1108/OHI-02-2018-B0010
  • ALOTHMAN H. (2024). Patterns of mashrabiya. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.abiya.ae/knowledge-hiba/patterns-of-mashrabiya
  • ALOTHMAN H., AKÇAY A. Ö. (2017). A Theoretical Framework for the Evaluation from the Traditional Mashrabiya to Modern Mashrabiya. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(3), 107-121. doi:10.7596/taksad.v6i3.962
  • AL-KARABLIEH M. A., AL-QUDAH M. M., ALAMERI J. H. (2019). The Technical and Design Characteristics of Traditional Natural Lighting Methods in Islamic Architecture. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports , 41, 53-72. doi:10.7176/JTHS
  • BAGASI A. A., CALAUTIT J. K., KARBAN A. S. (2021). Evaluation of the Integration of the Traditional Architectural Element Mashrabiya into the Ventilation Strategy for Buildings in Hot Climates. Article in Energies, 1-34. doi:10.3390/en14030530
  • BANDE L., ASMELASH Y., AHMAD A., CYIZA A., BERENGUERES J. (2023). Evaluation of an Existing Validated Emirati House versus a New Parametric Design Based on the Local Social Environment through the Application of Advanced Tools. Buildings, 13(10), 1-26. doi:10.3390/buildings13102627
  • BAYOMY N. (2016). Contemporary applications of “Mashrabiya” as a cultural heritage. Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanistic Science, 349-362. doi: 10.12816/0036528
  • BELEK A. N., YAMAÇLI R. (2022). Design solutions towards sustainable design criteria of adaptive façade systems. Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Fine Arts (ArtGrid), vol. 5 (2), pp. 216-239
  • EL SEMARY Y. M., ATTALLA H., GAWAD I. (2017). Modern Mashrabiyas with High-tech Daylight Responsive Systems. The Academic Research Community Publication. The International Conference: Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts (CITAA). DOI: 10.21625/archive.v1i1.113
  • FAHMY M. K., ELSOUDANY M., BASMA GABER B. (2023). Parametric Mashrabiya as a Shading System for Optimized Daylighting in Egypt. The Engineering Research Journal , 212-230. doi:10.21608/ERJ.2023.289551
  • GAMAL A., BAIOUMY N., NASR A. H. (2022). Application of the Mashrabiya philosophy in contemporary architecture. Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanistic Science, 7(32), 103-118. doi:10.21608/MJAF.2020.46019.1910
  • GIOVANNINI, L., VERSO, V. R. M., KARAMATA, B., ANDERSEN, M. (2015). Lighting and Energy Performance of an Adaptive Shading and Daylighting System for Arid Climates. Energy Procedia, 370-375. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.675
  • KARAMATA B., ANDERSEN M. (2014). Concept, Design and Performance of a Shape Variable Mashrabiya as a Shading and Daylighting System for Arid Climates. 30th PLEA Conference - SUSTAINABLE HABITAT FOR DEVELOPING SOCIETIES, 1-8. Retrieved from https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/206749?ln=en&v=pdf
  • KHAN A., RAFI H. (2019). Mashrabiya-From Veritable to Hybrid. Aligarh: researchgate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350453106_Mashrabiya-From_Veritable_to_Hybrid
  • SHARAIDIN K., BURRY J., SALIM F. (2012). Integration of Digital Simulation Tools With Parametric Designs to Evaluate Kinetic Façades for Daylight Performance. eCAADe 30, 2, 691- 700. doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.701
  • TAKI A., KUMARI H. (2023). Examining Mashrabiya’s Impact on Energy Efficiency and Cultural Aspects in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2023, 15 10131, pp. 1-36. doi:10.3390/su151310131
  • TAŞKAN D., ISMAEEL A. B. (2022). An Architectural Element: Mashrabiya. Art-Sanat 17(2022), pp. 475–496.
  • TURRIN M., BUELOW P. V., KILIAN A., STOUFFS R. (2011). Parametric modeling and optimization for adaptive architecture. (pp. 1-8). University of Twente, The Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257651462_Parametric_modeling_and_optimization_for_adaptive_architecture
  • Url 1. (2016). Mashrabiya in Cairo. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DSC00758-1-2.jpg
  • Url 2. (2014). Jeddah’s old city of ballad. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://i.pinimg.com/236x/51/a1/f5/51a1f5f1dfc8aa09cc1dcef7365c72fa.jpg
  • Url 3. Inside Egypt. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://www.inside-egypt.com/el-manial-palace-and-museum.html
  • Url 4. Riyadh to Jeddah tour in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://www.rjtravelagency.com/product/8-day-riyadh-to-jeddah-tour-saudi-arabia/
  • Url 5. Bayt Al-Suhaymi: The House of Suhaymi in Cairo. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://hannahfielding.net/bayt-al-suhaym/
  • Url 6. (2019). UNESCO World Heritage historic village of Al Balad, Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://www.istockphoto.com/tr/foto%C4%9Fraf/eski-%C5%9Fehir-i%C3%A7indejeddah-tarihsel-cidde-bilinen-t%C3%BCrkiye-unesco-d%C3%BCnya-miras%C4%B1- gm1128845845-297985732
  • Url 7. Manial Palace: An Ultimate Local’s Guide. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://vanillapapers.net/2023/01/16/manial-palace-cairo-guide/
  • Url 8. (2011). Mashrabiya, A Day of Art and Adventure. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mashrabiya.htm
  • Url 9. Moorish architectural design: mashrabiya screens. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://www.moorisharchitecturaldesign.com/mashrabiya-screens.html
  • Url 10. Mashrabiyas: Brownbook magazine. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://azizaiqbal.com/mashrabiyas-brownbook
  • Url 11. Patterns of mashrabiya. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.abiya.ae/knowledge-hiba/patterns-of-mashrabiya
  • Url 12. (2017). We live in our own perception. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://examplewordpresscom7553.wordpress.com/
  • Url 13. (2023). Explore the Captivating Beauty of the Alhambra. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://fredericmagazine.com/2023/05/alhambra-granada/
  • Url 14. Alhambra palace, Granada, Spain. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://i.pinimg.com/originals/24/e6/f6/24e6f604ecdd227e7f4b0ccd86519697.jpg
  • Url 15. (2011). AD Classics: Institut du Monde Arabe / Enrique Jan + Jean Nouvel + Architecture-Studio. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.archdaily.com/162101/ad-classics-institut-du-monde-arabe-jean-nouvel
  • Url 16. Paris – a high-tech mashrabiyya. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://theurgetowander.com/2013/09/21/institute-du-monde-arab-paris/
  • Url 17. Doha high-rise office tower. Doha, Qatar. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/doha-9-high-rise-office-tower/
  • Url 18. (2024). Al Bahar towers responsive facade / Aedas. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.archdaily.com/270592/al-bahar-towers-responsive-facade-aedas
  • Url 19. Al Bahar towers. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/al-bahar-towers/

Yerel Bir Mimari Öğenin Sürdürülebilirlik Yoluyla Yeniden Canlandırılması: Meşrebiyenin Çağdaş Uygulamaları

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 15 - 36, 04.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.56590/stdarticle.1517273

Abstract

Amaç: Sürdürülebilir mekânsal tasarımın temel bileşenleri olan yeterli doğal aydınlatma ve termal konfor, güneş kırıcılar kullanılarak etkili bir şekilde yönetilebilir. Yerel mimarinin geleneksel bir unsuru olan ve bir tür güneş kırıcı işlevi gören meşrebiyenin çağdaş tasarımlara nasıl dahil edildiğine dair kayda değer bir ilgi söz konusudur. Bu çalışma, geleneksel bir mimari özellik olan meşrebiyenin sürdürülebilirlik odaklı modern tasarım uygulamalarına entegrasyonunu araştırmaktadır.
Kavramsal Çerçeve: Günümüzde, kültürel değerleri yansıtan ve çevresel avantajlar sunan mimari unsurlara özellikle vurgu yapılarak, çeşitli tasarım alanlarında sürdürülebilir çözümlere yönelik artan bir talep söz konusudur. Başlangıçta sıcak ve kuru iklimlerde gölgeleme ve havalandırma amacıyla kullanılan meşrebiye, sürdürülebilir tasarım ilkelerinin en iyi örneklerinden biridir. Bu araştırma, meşrebiyenin tarihsel önemini, teknolojik gelişmelerini ve hem geleneksel hem de çağdaş mimarideki olası kullanımlarını, özellikle de gün ışığı tasarımı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Araştırma, meşrebiyenin aydınlatma kalitesini artırmada, doğal gün ışığını en üst düzeye çıkarmada ve dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki mimari ortamların kültürel kimliğini geliştirmede ne kadar etkili olduğunu değerlendirmektedir. Mimarlar, meşrebiyeyi modern tasarımlara dahil ederek bir yandan geleneksel yöntemlere saygı gösterirken diğer yandan da güncel çevre sorunlarının üstesinden gelebilirler.
Yöntem: Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmış ve veriler doküman analizi yoluyla toplanmıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde, dünya genelinde konuyla ilgili yapılar incelenmiş, meşrebiye özelliklerinin hem yerel hem de modern uygulamalarında kullanılan malzeme ve yöntemlere odaklanılmıştır. Doğal aydınlatmayı kontrol eden ve termal konfor sağlayan güneş kırıcı uygulamaların değerlendirildiği çalışmada, geçmişten günümüze kullanılan malzemeler ve yapım yöntemleri analiz edilmiştir. Desen türünün, sabit ya da hareketli olması, iki boyutlu ya da üç boyutlu olması gibi güneş kırıcı unsurlar çeşitli örnekler üzerinden incelenmektedir.
Bulgular: Yöresel mimaride düz ve çıkma meşrebiye olarak iki ana kategoride tasarımlar gruplandırılmaktadır. Yaygın olarak beş farklı desen tanınmakla birlikte, bu desenlerin birleştirildiği örnekler de vardır. Desenlerin ve dokuların yoğunluğu, iç aydınlatmayı ve ışık yönünü doğrudan etkiler. Yerel mimaride analiz edilen desenler, iki boyutlu güneş kırıcılar ve sabit elemanlar olarak görülebilir. Modern uygulamalarda iki tasarım türü tanımlanmıştır: şekil değiştirebilen meşrebiye ve parametrik meşrebiye. Ele alınan örnekler hareketli elemanlar içermektedir; ilk durumda iki boyutlu hareketli bir güneş kırıcıya atıfta bulunulurken, ikinci durumda üç boyutlu hareketli bir güneş kırıcı tarif edilmektedir. Yerel mimaride güneş kırıcılar tipik olarak ahşaptan inşa edilirken, modern uygulamalarda metal ve ahşap da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli malzemeler kullanılmaktadır.
Sonuç: Başlangıçta, termal konforu güneş kırıcılar ve su küplerinin kullanılması ile sağlayan meşrebiyenin günümüze yansıyan örneklerinde yalnızca güneş kırıcı özelliği kullanılmaktadır. Geleneksel olarak iki boyutlu sabit elemanlardan oluşan meşrebiye, modern uygulamalarda hareketi de içerecek şekilde evrim geçirmiştir. Günümüzde sadece bir gölgeleme elemanı olarak değil, aynı zamanda uyarlanabilir bir cephe sistemi olarak da anılmaktadır. Çeşitli malzemelerin bir araya getirilmesi ve hareketli bileşenlerin entegrasyonu ile bu gelişmiş versiyonlar geleneksel tasarımlardan önemli ölçüde farklılık göstermektedir. Modern uygulamalardaki şekil değiştirebilen meşrebiye, yerel mimaride bulunan örneklerle daha yakından ilişkilendirilebilir.

Ethical Statement

There are no human subjects in this article and informed consent is not applicable

Supporting Institution

There is no supporting institution or funding for the research

References

  • ABDELKADER R., PARK J. (2018). Sustainable Building Façades: Modern Usages of the Traditional Mashrabiya. Open House International, 43(2), 69-76. doi:10.1108/OHI-02-2018-B0010
  • ALOTHMAN H. (2024). Patterns of mashrabiya. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.abiya.ae/knowledge-hiba/patterns-of-mashrabiya
  • ALOTHMAN H., AKÇAY A. Ö. (2017). A Theoretical Framework for the Evaluation from the Traditional Mashrabiya to Modern Mashrabiya. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(3), 107-121. doi:10.7596/taksad.v6i3.962
  • AL-KARABLIEH M. A., AL-QUDAH M. M., ALAMERI J. H. (2019). The Technical and Design Characteristics of Traditional Natural Lighting Methods in Islamic Architecture. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports , 41, 53-72. doi:10.7176/JTHS
  • BAGASI A. A., CALAUTIT J. K., KARBAN A. S. (2021). Evaluation of the Integration of the Traditional Architectural Element Mashrabiya into the Ventilation Strategy for Buildings in Hot Climates. Article in Energies, 1-34. doi:10.3390/en14030530
  • BANDE L., ASMELASH Y., AHMAD A., CYIZA A., BERENGUERES J. (2023). Evaluation of an Existing Validated Emirati House versus a New Parametric Design Based on the Local Social Environment through the Application of Advanced Tools. Buildings, 13(10), 1-26. doi:10.3390/buildings13102627
  • BAYOMY N. (2016). Contemporary applications of “Mashrabiya” as a cultural heritage. Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanistic Science, 349-362. doi: 10.12816/0036528
  • BELEK A. N., YAMAÇLI R. (2022). Design solutions towards sustainable design criteria of adaptive façade systems. Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Fine Arts (ArtGrid), vol. 5 (2), pp. 216-239
  • EL SEMARY Y. M., ATTALLA H., GAWAD I. (2017). Modern Mashrabiyas with High-tech Daylight Responsive Systems. The Academic Research Community Publication. The International Conference: Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts (CITAA). DOI: 10.21625/archive.v1i1.113
  • FAHMY M. K., ELSOUDANY M., BASMA GABER B. (2023). Parametric Mashrabiya as a Shading System for Optimized Daylighting in Egypt. The Engineering Research Journal , 212-230. doi:10.21608/ERJ.2023.289551
  • GAMAL A., BAIOUMY N., NASR A. H. (2022). Application of the Mashrabiya philosophy in contemporary architecture. Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanistic Science, 7(32), 103-118. doi:10.21608/MJAF.2020.46019.1910
  • GIOVANNINI, L., VERSO, V. R. M., KARAMATA, B., ANDERSEN, M. (2015). Lighting and Energy Performance of an Adaptive Shading and Daylighting System for Arid Climates. Energy Procedia, 370-375. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.675
  • KARAMATA B., ANDERSEN M. (2014). Concept, Design and Performance of a Shape Variable Mashrabiya as a Shading and Daylighting System for Arid Climates. 30th PLEA Conference - SUSTAINABLE HABITAT FOR DEVELOPING SOCIETIES, 1-8. Retrieved from https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/206749?ln=en&v=pdf
  • KHAN A., RAFI H. (2019). Mashrabiya-From Veritable to Hybrid. Aligarh: researchgate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350453106_Mashrabiya-From_Veritable_to_Hybrid
  • SHARAIDIN K., BURRY J., SALIM F. (2012). Integration of Digital Simulation Tools With Parametric Designs to Evaluate Kinetic Façades for Daylight Performance. eCAADe 30, 2, 691- 700. doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.701
  • TAKI A., KUMARI H. (2023). Examining Mashrabiya’s Impact on Energy Efficiency and Cultural Aspects in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2023, 15 10131, pp. 1-36. doi:10.3390/su151310131
  • TAŞKAN D., ISMAEEL A. B. (2022). An Architectural Element: Mashrabiya. Art-Sanat 17(2022), pp. 475–496.
  • TURRIN M., BUELOW P. V., KILIAN A., STOUFFS R. (2011). Parametric modeling and optimization for adaptive architecture. (pp. 1-8). University of Twente, The Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257651462_Parametric_modeling_and_optimization_for_adaptive_architecture
  • Url 1. (2016). Mashrabiya in Cairo. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DSC00758-1-2.jpg
  • Url 2. (2014). Jeddah’s old city of ballad. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://i.pinimg.com/236x/51/a1/f5/51a1f5f1dfc8aa09cc1dcef7365c72fa.jpg
  • Url 3. Inside Egypt. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://www.inside-egypt.com/el-manial-palace-and-museum.html
  • Url 4. Riyadh to Jeddah tour in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://www.rjtravelagency.com/product/8-day-riyadh-to-jeddah-tour-saudi-arabia/
  • Url 5. Bayt Al-Suhaymi: The House of Suhaymi in Cairo. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://hannahfielding.net/bayt-al-suhaym/
  • Url 6. (2019). UNESCO World Heritage historic village of Al Balad, Saudi Arabia. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://www.istockphoto.com/tr/foto%C4%9Fraf/eski-%C5%9Fehir-i%C3%A7indejeddah-tarihsel-cidde-bilinen-t%C3%BCrkiye-unesco-d%C3%BCnya-miras%C4%B1- gm1128845845-297985732
  • Url 7. Manial Palace: An Ultimate Local’s Guide. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://vanillapapers.net/2023/01/16/manial-palace-cairo-guide/
  • Url 8. (2011). Mashrabiya, A Day of Art and Adventure. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mashrabiya.htm
  • Url 9. Moorish architectural design: mashrabiya screens. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://www.moorisharchitecturaldesign.com/mashrabiya-screens.html
  • Url 10. Mashrabiyas: Brownbook magazine. Retrieved May 05, 2024, from https://azizaiqbal.com/mashrabiyas-brownbook
  • Url 11. Patterns of mashrabiya. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.abiya.ae/knowledge-hiba/patterns-of-mashrabiya
  • Url 12. (2017). We live in our own perception. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://examplewordpresscom7553.wordpress.com/
  • Url 13. (2023). Explore the Captivating Beauty of the Alhambra. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://fredericmagazine.com/2023/05/alhambra-granada/
  • Url 14. Alhambra palace, Granada, Spain. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://i.pinimg.com/originals/24/e6/f6/24e6f604ecdd227e7f4b0ccd86519697.jpg
  • Url 15. (2011). AD Classics: Institut du Monde Arabe / Enrique Jan + Jean Nouvel + Architecture-Studio. Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https://www.archdaily.com/162101/ad-classics-institut-du-monde-arabe-jean-nouvel
  • Url 16. Paris – a high-tech mashrabiyya. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://theurgetowander.com/2013/09/21/institute-du-monde-arab-paris/
  • Url 17. Doha high-rise office tower. Doha, Qatar. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/doha-9-high-rise-office-tower/
  • Url 18. (2024). Al Bahar towers responsive facade / Aedas. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.archdaily.com/270592/al-bahar-towers-responsive-facade-aedas
  • Url 19. Al Bahar towers. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/al-bahar-towers/
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Architectural Design
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Byan A. Jetto This is me 0009-0005-0503-0713

Semih Göksel Yıldırım 0000-0002-7832-6575

Early Pub Date July 2, 2025
Publication Date July 4, 2025
Submission Date July 17, 2024
Acceptance Date June 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Jetto, B. A., & Yıldırım, S. G. (2025). Revitalizing a Vernacular Architectural Element Through Sustainability: Contemporary Applications of Mashrabiya. ART/Icle: Sanat Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 5(1), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.56590/stdarticle.1517273

ART/icle: Journal of Art and Design

ISSN: 2718-1057
e-ISSN: 2791-7665