Van İlinde Mayıs 2025'te Görülen Şap Hastalığı (FMD) Salgınının Epidemiyolojik Seyri ve Aşılama Dinamikleri

Abstract

Şap hastalığı (Foot-and-mouth disease, FMD), Türkiye’de hayvancılık sektörünü tehdit eden en önemli salgın hastalıklardan biridir. Ülke, Asya–Avrupa–Orta Doğu kesişimindeki coğrafi konumu nedeniyle serotip O, A, Asia-1, SAT-1 ve SAT-2 endemik olarak dolaştığı Havuz 3 (Batı Avrasya & Orta Doğu) içinde kritik bir konuma sahiptir. Bu çalışma, 2025 yılı boyunca Van ilinde yürütülen kitlesel aşılama programlarını ve 13 Mayıs 2025’te Tuşba ilçesi Yemlice Mahallesi’nde Sat-1 serotipi tanımlanan şap salgınının epidemiyolojik seyrini ile müdahale dinamiklerini incelemiştir. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığının Hayvan Bilgi Sisteminde bulunan VETBİS veri tabanından elde edilen veriler Python tabanlı istatistiksel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiş; ilçe düzeyinde büyükbaş ve küçükbaş aşılama uygulamaları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular, rutin aşılama programlarının koruyucu bağışıklığı sürekli yüksek düzeyde tutmakta güçlük yaşayabildiğini; mihrak (salgın) odaklı acil aşılama uygulamalarının ise hızlı kontrol açısından belirleyici rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Türkiye’nin coğrafi risk yapısı ve sınır ötesi suş girişleri dikkate alındığında, ulusal FMD stratejilerinin bölgesel dinamiklerle güçlendirilmesi yararlı olacaktır.

Keywords

• Sınır ötesi bulaşma
• Acil aşılama
• Mihrak kontrolü
• Phyton
• Ruminant

Epıdemıologıcal Course and Vaccınatıon Dynamıcs of The Foot and Mouth Dısease (Fmd) Outbreak In Van Provınce, May 2025

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most significant epidemic diseases threatening the livestock sector in Turkey. Due to its geographical location at the intersection of Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, the country occupies a critical position within Pool 3 (Western Eurasia & Middle East), where serotypes O, A, Asia-1, SAT-1, and SAT-2 are endemic. This study examined the mass vaccination programs carried out in Van province throughout 2025 and the epidemiological course and intervention dynamics of the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak caused by the SAT-1 serotype identified in Yemlice Mahallesi, Tuşba district, on May 13, 2025. Data obtained from the VETBIS database in the Animal Information System of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry were analyzed using Python-based statistical methods; vaccination practices for large and small ruminants were compared at the district level. The findings show that routine vaccination programs may have difficulty maintaining protective immunity at consistently high levels, while outbreak-focused emergency vaccination programs play a decisive role in rapid control. Considering Turkey's geographical risk structure and transboundary strain entries, strengthening national FMD strategies with regional dynamics would be beneficial.

Keywords

• Cross-border transmission
• Emergency vaccination
• Outbreak control
• Python
• Ruminant

References

1. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung). (2025, January 17). Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD): Questions and answers. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/service/frequently-asked-questions/topic/foot-and-mouth-disease-fmd-questions-and-answers/ Accessed 15.06.2025
2. Brito, B. P., Rodriguez, L. L., Hammond, J. M., Pinto, J., and Perez, A. M. (2021). Review of the global distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus from 2007 to 2017. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13688 Accessed 15.06.2025
3. Dinçel, D., Aardıçlı S. and Şamlı, H. (2019). Şap Hastalığında (Foot And Mouth Disease-Fmd) Genetik Direnç Mekanizmaları.
4. Doel, T. R., Valarcher, J. F., and Knowles, N. J. (2017). Epidemiology and control of foot-and-mouth disease. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 36(1), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.36.1.2632 Accessed 15.06.2025
5. Grubman, M. J., and Baxt, B. (2004). Foot-and-mouth disease. Clinical microbiology reviews, 17(2), 465–493. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004 Accessed 15.06.2025
6. Herrera-Diestra, J. L., Tildesley, M., Shea, K., Matthew and Ferrari, M. J. (2022). Cattle transport network predicts endemic and epidemic foot-and-mouth disease risk on farms in Türkeye PLoS Comput Biol 18(8): e1010354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010354 Accessed 15.06.2025
7. İnce, Ö. B., and Kanat, Ö. (2015). Şap Hastalığı. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 26(2), 45-51.
8. Jackson, T., Blakemore, W., Newman, J. W., Knowles, N. J., Mould, A. P., Humphries, M. J., and King, A. M. (2000). Foot-and-mouth disease virus is a ligand for the high-affinity binding conformation of integrin alpha5beta1: influence of the leucine residue within the RGDL motif on selectivity of integrin binding. The Journal of general virology, 81(Pt 5), 1383–1391. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-5-1383 Accessed 15.06.2025

9. Jamal, S. M., and Belsham, G. J. (2013). Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future. Veterinary Research, 44, 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-116 Accessed 15.06.2025
10. Jamal, S. M., Ferrari G., Ahmed, S., Normann, P. and Belsham, G. J. (2011). Genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 1997-2009 Infect Genet Evol 2011 Aug;11(6):1229-38. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid. 2011.03.006. Epub 2011 Mar 17. Accessed 15.06.2025
11. Knight-Jones, T. J. D., Gubbins, S., Bulut, A. N., Stärk, K. D. C., Pfeiffer, D. U., Sumption, K. J., Paton, D. J. (2016). Mass vaccination, immunity and coverage: Modelling population protection against foot-and-mouth disease in Turkish cattle. Scientific Reports, 6, 22121. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22121 Accessed 15.06.2025
12. McDonald, J. H. (2014). Handbook of biological statistics (3rd ed.). Sparky House Publishing.
13. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, (2025). Efforts to combat the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak detected in Van Tuşba were examined on site. tarimorman.gov.tr. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/GKGM/Haber/1125 Accessed 15.06.2025
14. Öztürk, E., Karasu K. and Austin J. N.M. (2020). The Effects of Genetically Modified Feeds on Consumers’ Preferences in Buying Broiler Meat https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344328912 Accessed 15.06.2025
15. Salt, J. S. (1993). The carrier state in foot and mouth disease an immunological review. The British Veterinary Journal, 149(3), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80168-X Accessed 15.06.2025
16. Sareyyüpoğlu, B. (2022). Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 233-240.
17. Sellers, R. F., Herniman, K. A., and Mann, J. A. (1971). Transfer of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the nose of man from infected to non-infected animals. Veterinary Record, 89(16), 447–449. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.89.16.447-a Accessed 15.06.2025
18. Şentürk, S., Yalçın, C., & Akçay, A. (2016). Analysis of risk factors in the management of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Türkeye. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 40(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1505-15 Accessed 15.06.2025
19. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS). (2020, October 7). FMD response plan: The Red Book. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fmd_responseplan.pdf Accessed 15.06.2025
20. Veterinary Services, Plant Health, Food and Feed Law 5996, https://www.lexpera.com.tr/mevzuat/kanunlar/veteriner-hizmetleri-bitki-sagligi-gida-ve-yem-kanunu-5996 Accessed 15.06.2025
21. Warton, D. I. (2005). Many zeros does not mean zero inflation: Comparing the goodness-of-fit of parametric models to multivariate abundance data. Ecology, 86(8), 1975–1982. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1238 Waskom, M. L., (2021). Seaborn: Statistical Data Visualization. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(60), 3021, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03021 Accessed 15.06.2025
22. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2025). Foot and mouth disease — Public health risk. https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/ Accessed 15.06.2025
23. WRLFMD, (2020). OIE/FAO Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory Network Annual Report 2020 (www.wrlfmd.org) Accessed 15.06.2025
24. WRLFMD, (2024). Foot and Mouth Disease occurrence Serotype C. World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease (Pirbright Institute). Retrieved August 19, 2025, from https://www.wrlfmd.org/foot-and-mouth-disease/occurrence Accessed 15.06.2025
25. Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A. and Smith, G. M. (2009). Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer.