Apoptosis

Abstract

Apoptosis is an energy-requiring physiological process known as programmed cell death, and apoptosis plays a critical role in embryological development and maintenance of adult tissues. Apoptosis, known as programmed cell death, is a mechanism that controls and destroys cells that the organism does not need, that have completed their biological task or that are damaged at the genetic level. Various diseases occur when the rate of apoptosis is impaired, slowed down or increased. The apoptosis process can be triggered by intracellular signals, such as genotoxic stress, or by extrinsic signals, such as ligands binding to cell surface death receptors. The mechanism of apoptosis involves various proteins and molecules. Deregulation in the mechanism of apoptotic cell death is the hallmark of cancer. Apoptosis alteration is responsible not only for tumor development and progression, but also for tumor resistance to treatments. Most anticancer drugs currently used in clinical oncology exploit intact apoptotic signaling pathways to induce cancer cell death. In this review, the effects of apoptosis on tumor-inducing and tumor suppressor genes and its functional properties in cancer are outlined.

Keywords

• Extrinsic pathway
• Intrinsic pathway
• Programmed cell death
• Cancer

Apoptozis

Abstract

Apoptoz, programlı hücre ölümü olarak bilinen enerji gerektiren fizyolojik bir süreçtir ayrıca apoptoz embriyolojik gelişim ve erişkin dokuların devamlılığında kritik rol oynar. Programlı hücre ölümü olarak bilinen apoptoz, organizmanın ihtiyaç duymadığı, biyolojik görevini tamamlamış ya da hasarlı hücreleri genetik düzeyde de kontrol ederek yok eden bir mekanizmadır. Apoptoz hızının bozulduğu, yavaşladığı veya arttığı durumlarda çeşitli hastalıklar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Apoptosis süreci genotoksik stres gibi hücre içinden gelen sinyaller veya ligandların hücre yüzeyi ölüm reseptörlerine bağlanması gibi dışsal sinyaller tarafından tetiklenebilir. Apoptosis mekanizması, çeşitli proteinleri ve molekülleri içerir. Apoptotik hücre ölümü mekanizmasındaki kuralsızlaştırma, kanserin ayırt edici özelliğidir. Apoptoz değişikliği sadece tümör gelişimi ve ilerlemesinden değil, aynı zamanda tedavilere karşı tümör direncinden de sorumludur. Şu anda klinik onkolojide kullanılan çoğu antikanser ilacı, kanser hücresi ölümünü tetiklemek için bozulmamış apoptotik sinyal yollarından yararlanır. Bu derlemede, apoptosisin tümör indükleyici ve ayrıca tümör baskılayıcı genlerdeki etkileri ve kanserdeki fonksiyonel özellikleri genel hatlarıyla ifade edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Kanser
• Ekstrinsik yolak
• İntrinsik yolak
• programlanmış hücre ölümü

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