İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARI: TARİHÇESİ, TANIMI, DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE'DEKİ YASAL DURUMU

Öz

İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA); içinde pilotu ve yolcusu olmayan, sadece amaca uygun ekipman (video kamera, fotoğraf makinesi, GNSS, lazer tarama cihazı, vb.) taşıyan, uzaktan kumandalı ve/veya otomatik olarak görevini icra edebilen bir çeşit uçaktır. İHA’ların askeri, sivil (hobi ve ticari) ve bilimsel amaçlı profesyonel kullanımları ülkemizde ve tüm dünyada hızla artmakta, bu nedenle önümüzdeki yıllarda bu konunun daha fazla gündem oluşturacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Gün geçtikçe artan bu yoğun kullanımın temel nedenleri olarak; özellikle sivil amaçlı İHA’ların çok geniş kullanım alanlarının olması, birçok mesleki (örn. harita yapım amaçlı) kullanımlarda yüksek doğruluk, zaman ve maliyet tasarrufu sağlaması sayılabilir. İHA’ların gerek profesyonel mesleki; gerekse hobi amaçlı olarak günlük yaşantımıza bu kadar çok girmiş olması bazı yasal sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Henüz birçok ülkede bu konuda gerekli mevzuat ya hiç yoktur veya taslak halinde sürekli geliştirilmektedir. Diğer taraftan, İHA’ların kullanımındaki bazı potansiyel olumsuzluklardan dolayı, özellikle ABD Ulaştırma Bakanlığına bağlı Federal Havacılık Kurulu (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration), Birleşmiş Milletler'e bağlı Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Organizasyonu (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization) ve Avrupa Hava Seyrüsefer Güvenliği Örgütü (EUROCONTROL) tarafından İHA kullanımının yasal çerçevesi konusunda kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise bu konularla ilgili olarak Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı'na bağlı Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından bazı çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, İHA’ların sivil kullanım alanları, amaçları ile Türkiye ve Dünya’daki mevzuata ilişkin durum tespiti yaparak, önerilerde bulunmaktır. Askeri amaçlı İHA tanımı ve kullanımına ilişkin konular makale kapsamı dışında bırakılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• EUROCONTROL
• FAA
• GNSS
• ICAO
• İHA
• SHGM

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: History, Definition, Legal Status in Turkey and in the World

Öz

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle/System (UAV/UAS or drone) is a kind of plane which has neither a pilot nor passengers on board and only carries fit-for-purpose equipment such as video camera, camera, GNSS receiver, laser scanner, etc. UAV can be used either remotely controlled or autonomously. Military, civil (hobby and commercial) and scientific uses of UAVs have rapidly increased both in Turkey and in the world. Thus, it is anticipated that in near future this issue will be more frequently in the World’s agenda. High accuracy, economy in time, cost and personnel in professional uses of UAVs such as in surveying can be considered to be some basic reasons of this increasing demand for UAV. On the other hand, it is a fact that the intensive uses of UAVs in our daily life both for professional applications and hobby purposes have given rise to some legal issues together. Today, in many countries, there are either no regulations or some have been improved/updated as draft versions continuously. Due to this fact, some comprehensive studies are being achieved related to the legal frames of using UAVs/drones by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and EUROCONTROL. In Turkey, some preparations are being developed about UAV/drone issues by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation under the Ministry of Maritime, Transportation and Communication. The main purpose of this paper is to give some brief information related to the civil uses of UAV/UAS/drones and their fields of use. And also to provide a comprehensive information on the current status of the legal frames and regulations in Turkey and in the World and accordingly to make some suggestions following the determination of the state of legal issues in many countries. On the other hand, military uses and regulations of UAV/UAS/drones have been excluded in this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• EUROCONTROL
• FAA
• GNSS
• ICAO
• UAV/UAS
• SHGM

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