Türkiye’de Subjektif Yoksulluğu Belirleyen Faktörlerin Genelleştirilmiş Sıralı Logit Modelle Analizi

Year 2022, , 74 - 92, 25.04.2022

Nihan Öksüz Narinç

https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1011809

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Yoksulluk, genel olarak kimin yoksul olarak kabul edildiği incelenerek tanımlanabilir. Öte yandan bireylerin ya da hanelerin eşitsizlikler dünyasında kendi konumlarına ilişkin inançları olarak da tanımlanabilir. Genel olarak yoksulluk oranları hesaplanırken en yaygın kullanılan ölçü gelir düzeyi olmaktadır. Bunun dışında çocuk sayısı, yaş, eğitim durumu, işgücü piyasasındaki durumları da de nesnel yoksulluğu tanımlamada temel olarak kullanılabilir. Literatürde yaygın olarak objektif yoksulluk; mutlak ve göreli yoksulluk konuları incelenirken, subjektif yoksulluk kavramı da artık üzerinde durulan önemli bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada belirleyici faktörler subjektif yoksulluğu incelenmiştir. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumunun (TÜİK) Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırmasından (GYKA) derlenen verilerle Genelleştirilmiş Sıralı Logit modeli kullanılarak ampirik bir analiz yapılmıştır. Subjektif yoksulluk algısı bakımından çalışmada kullanılan bağımlı değişken hanehalklarının “mevcut hanehalkı ile geçinebilme” durumlarıdır. Altı sıralı kategoriden oluşan bağımlı değişkene karşılık; yaş*, cinsiyet*, eğitim*, medeni durum, konut mülkiyeti*, toplam çalışma süresi*, yıllık fert geliri*, yıllık hanehalkı geliri*, hanehalkı fert sayısı gibi demografik değişkenlerdir. Bu değişkenlerden bazıları istatistiksel olarak önemli (p <0,05) bulunmuştur. Bağımlı değişkenin kategorilerine göre bireylerin kendilerini yoksul hissetme algıları; eğitim düzeyi arttıkça azalırken, toplam çalışma süresi arttıkça artmaktadır. Hanehalkı gelirindeki bir birimlik artış geçinmeyi çok kolay bulma algısını (OR=14,85) arttırmaktadır.

Keywords

Yoksulluk, Subjektif Yoksulluk, Genelleştirilmiş Sıralı Logit Model

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.

References

• Alkire , S., & Foster, J. (2009). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. OPHI. https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHI-wp32.pdf [Erişim tarihi:12 Haziran 2021]
• Allen , R. (2017). Absolute poverty: When necessity displaces desire. American Economic Review, 107(12), 3690-3721. doi:10.1257/aer.20161080
• Atkinson , A. (1969). Poverty in Britain and the Reform of Social Security. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press.
• Başaran, A., & Çetinkaya, M. (2013). Türkiye'de Sübjektif Yoksulluk Profili: 2003-2008. Sosyoekonomi, 19(19), 243-262. doi:10.17233/se.17892
• Blaylock , J., & Smallwood, D. (1986). An alternative approach to defining and assessing poverty thresholds. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 11(1), 100-105. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.32536
• Brant, R. (1990). Assessing proportionality in the proportional odds model for ordinal logistic regression. Biometrics, 46(4), 1171-1178. doi:10.2307/2532457
• Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern. Rutgers University Press.
• Chen , S., & Ravallion, M. (2013). More relatively‐poor people in a less absolutely‐poor world. Review of Income and Wealth, 59(1), 1-28. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2012.00520.x
• Çağlayan, E., Koşan, N., & Astar , M. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Household Poverty in Turkey. Asian Economic And Financial Review, 2(1), 181-191.
• Danışman Işık, A. (2015). Subjective Approach to Poverty: Mugla Case. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 26(95), 1-31. doi: 10.5455/ey.35605
• Danışman Işık, A. (2018). Subjektif Yoksulluk: Leyden Yaklaşımı ile Bir Değerlendirme. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 51(1), 71-100.
• Dartanto , T., & Otsubo, S. (2013). Measurements and determinants of multifaceted poverty: Absolute, relative, and subjective poverty in Indonesia. JICA Research Institute. https://jicari.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=663&file_id=9&file_no=1 [Erişim tarihi:12 Haziran 2021]
• Davis, P., & Sanchez-Martinez , M. (2014). A review of the economic theories of poverty. National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers 435.
• Duvoux , N., & Papuchon, A. (2019). Subjective poverty as perceived lasting social insecurity: lessons from a French survey on poverty, inequality and the welfare state (2015-2018). Working Paper (36). International Inequalities Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science,London, UK.
• Easterlin, R. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. P. David, & M. Reder (Dü) içinde, Nations and Households in Economic Growth Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz (s. 89-125). Academic Press.
• Fahey, T. (2010). Poverty and the two concepts of relative deprivation. UCD School of Applied Social Science Working Paper Series WP10 1 .
• Ferreira, F., Chen, S., Dabalen , A., Dikhanov, Y., Hamadeh, N., Jolliffe, D., . . . Yoshida, N. (2015). A global count of the extreme poor in 2012: data issues, methodology and initial results. Washington: World Bank. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2669804 [Erişim tarihi:15 Temmuz 2021]
• Filandri , M., Pasqua , S., & Struffolino, E. (2020). Being working poor or feeling working poor? The role of work intensity and job stability for subjective poverty. Social Indicators Research, 3, 781-803. doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02174-0
• Fisher, G. (1992). The development and history of the poverty thresholds." Soc. Sec. Bull. 55 (1992): 3. Soc. Sec. Bull., 55(3), 43.
• Flik, R., & Van Praag, B. (1991). Subective poverty line definitions. De Economist, 311-330. doi:10.1007/BF01423569
• Foster, J. (1998). Absolute versus relative poverty. The American economic review, 88(2), 335-341.
• Fuchs, V. (1967). Redefining poverty and redistributing income. The Public Interest, 8, 88-95.
• Galbraith, J. K. (1998). The affluent society. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
• Ghai, D. (1978). Basic needs and its critics. The IDS Bulletin, 9(4), 16-18. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.1978.mp9004004.x
• Goedhart , T., Halberstadt, V., Kapteyn, A., & van Praag, B. (1977). The Poverty Line: Concept and Measurement. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(4), 503-520. doi:10.2307/145372
• Grilli, L., & Rampichini, C. (2014). Ordered logit model. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research.
• Guagnano, G., Santarelli , E., & Santini, I. (2013). Subjective poverty in Europe: the role of household socioeconomic characteristics and social capital. Giornate di Studio sulla Popolazione (GSP), 113(27). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.375.4874&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Erişim tarihi:21 Haziran 2021]
• Institute for Research On Poverty. (2021). How Is Poverty Measured? https://www.irp.wisc.edu/resources/how-is-poverty-measured/ [Erişim tarihi:12 Eylül 2021]
• Iwasaki, E., & El‐Laithy, H. (2013). Estimation of Poverty in Greater Cairo: Case Study of Three ‘U nplanned’Areas. African Development Review, 25(2), 173-188. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8268.2013.12022.x
• Jansen, A., Moses , M., Mujuta, S., & Yu, D. (2015). Measurements and determinants of multifaceted poverty in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 32(2), 151-169. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2014.984377
• Kapteyn , A., Kooreman, P., & Willemse, R. (1988). Some methodological issues in the implementation of subjective poverty definitions. Journal of Human Resources, 23(2), 222-242. doi:10.2307/145777
• Kilpatrick, R. (1973). The income elasticity of the poverty line. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 55(3), 327-332. doi:10.2307/1927955
• Kuivalainen, S. (2014). Subjective poverty. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. içinde Dordrecht: Springer .
• Loewe, M., & Rippin, N. (2015). Translating an ambitious vision into global transformation: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. No. 7/2015. Discussion Paper.
• Lok-Dessallien, R. (1999). Review of Poverty Concepts and Indicators. UNDP, http://ftp.unpad.ac.id/orari/library/library-ref-ind/ref-ind-1/application/poverty-reduction/Poverty/Review_of_Poverty_Concepts.pdf. [Erişim tarihi:12 Temmuz 2021]
• Long , J. S. (1997). Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables: Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences (Cilt vol. 7). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Mack, J., & Lansley, S. (1985). Poor britain . London: G. Allen & Unwin.
• Mahmood, T., Yu, X., & Klasen, S. (2019). Do the poor really feel poor? Comparing objective poverty with subjective poverty in Pakistan. Social Indicators Research, 142(2), 543-580. doi:s11205-018-1921-4
• Marks, G. (2007). Income poverty, subjective poverty and financial stress. Australian Government Social Policy Research Paper No. 29.
• McCullagh, P. (1980). Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) , 42(2), 109-127.
• Mendola, D., Busetta, A., & Aassve, A. (2009). What keeps young adults in permanent poverty? A comparative analysis using ECHP. Social Science Research, 38(4), 840-857. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.003
• Niemietz, K. (2011, January 20). A New Understanding of Poverty. Institute of Economic Affairs Monographs, No. 65. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1750203 [Erişim tarihi:5 Haziran 2021]
• OECD. (2021). OECD Income (IDD) and Wealth (WDD) Distribution Databases. http://oe.cd/idd [Erişim tarihi:6 Ağustos 2021]
• Orhansky, M. (1965). Counting the poor: Another look at the poverty profile. 28(3), s. 3-29. https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v28n1/v28n1p3.pdf [Erişim tarihi:20 Ağustos 2021]
• Peng, C., Yip , P., & Law., Y. (2020). What Factors Beyond Economic Poverty Lead People in High-income Societies to Feel Poor? Evidence from Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research, 152(3), 991-1027. doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02419-3
• Rainwater , P. (1974). What money buy. Basic Books.
• Ravallion , M. (1992). Poverty comparisons: A guide to concepts and methods. The World Bank.
• Ravallion, M. (2010). Poverty lines across the world. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/298951468174919253/pdf/WPS5284.pdf [Erişim tarihi:21 Haziran 2021]
• Ravallion, M. (2012, Septemper 1). Benchmarking Global Poverty Reduction (September 1, 2012) . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6205. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2150038 [Erişim tarihi:15 Haziran 2021]
• Ravallion, M., & Lokshin, M. (2002). Self-rated economic welfare in Russia. European Economic Review, 46(8), 1453-1473. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00151-9
• Rowntree, B. (1941). Poverty and progress. A second social survey of York. Poverty and progress. A second social survey of York.
• Runciman, W. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England (Cilt 13). Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Sen, A. (1983). Poor, relatively speaking. Oxford economic papers, 35(2), 153-169. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2662642. [Erişim tarihi:15 Ağustos 2021]
• Shaw, B. (1988). Poverty: absolute or relative? Journal of Applied Philosophy, 5(1), 27-36. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1988.tb00226.x
• The World Bank. (2014). A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity: Concepts, data, and the twin goals. The World Bank.
• Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: a survey of household resources and standards of living . Univ of California Press. https://www.poverty.ac.uk/system/files/townsend-book-pdfs/PIUK/piuk-whole.pdf [Erişim tarihi:12 Ağustos 2021]
• Townsend, P. (1985). A sociological approach to the measurement of poverty—a rejoinder to Professor Amartya Sen. Oxford economic papers, 37(4), 659-668. doi:oxfordjournals.oep.a041715
• Townsend, P. (2010). The meaning of poverty. The British journal of sociology, 61(1), 85-102. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01241.x
• TUIK. (2020). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Anketi. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Income-and-Living-Conditions-Survey-2019-33820 [Erişim tarihi:23 Ocak 2021]
• United Nations. (2016). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. e https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf [Erişim tarihi:18Haziran 2021]
• Van Praag, B. (1971). The welfare function of income in Belgium: An empirical investigation. European Economic Review, 2(3), 337-369. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(71)90045-6
• Veit-Wilson , J. (1986). Paradigms of poverty: a rehabilitation of BS Rowntree. Journal of Social Policy, 15(1), 69-99. doi:10.1017/S0047279400023114
• Wagle , U. (2007). Poverty in Kathmandu: What do subjective and objective economic welfare concepts suggest? The Journal of Economic Inequality, 5(1), 73-95. doi:10.1007/s10888-006-9026-8
• Wang, X. X., Wang, X., Shang , X., & Xu, L. (2011). Subjective Well‐being Poverty of the Elderly Population in China. Social Policy & Administration, 45(6), 714-731. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00804.x
• Williams, R. (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. The Stata Journal, 6(1), 58-82. doi:10.1177/1536867X06600600104
• Williams, R. (2016). Understanding and interpreting generalized ordered logit models. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 40(1), 7-20. doi:10.1080/0022250X.2015.1112384
• World Bank. (2021a). Measuring Poverty. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/measuringpoverty#1 [Erişim tarihi:18Haziran 2021]
• World Bank. (2021b). Measuring Poverty Overview. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2019&name_desc=true&start=2000&view=chart [Erişim tarihi:21 Haziran 2021]
• Zanin, L. (2016). On Italian households’ economic inadequacy using quali-quantitative measures. Social Indicators Research, 128(1), 59-88. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1019-1