Silifke’de Yer Şekilleri İle Bitki Örtüsünün Küçükbaş ve Büyükbaş Hayvan Varlığının Dağılışına Etkisi

İnsanların zirai faaliyetlerden sonra yerleşik hayata geçerek uğraşmaya başladığıen eski ekonomik faaliyetlerden biri de hayvancılıktır. Bu faaliyet türü yapıldığıyerin coğrafi özelliklerine göre şekillenip, gelişmektedir. Ülkemizde yer şekilleri ile bitki örtüsü, küçükbaşve büyükbaşhayvan varlığının dağılışınıetkileyen en büyük iki etmendir. Bilindiği gibi yer şekillerinin engebeli ve dağlık, tarım arazilerinin sınırlıolduğu ve maki bitki örtüsünün bulunduğu alanlarda genellikle kıl keçisi yetiştiriciliği yaygındır. Engebeli ve eğimli arazilerde daha atik hareket eden ve çabuk uyum sağlayabilen kıl keçisi bu alanlarda yoğunlaşmaktadır. Yer şekillerinin hafif engebeli olduğu, bozkır bitki örtüsüne sahip alanlarda koyun yetiştiriciliği yaygındır. Ancak kıl keçilerinin orman örtüsüne zarar vermesinin önlenmesi için kıl keçisi yerine koyun türlerinin beslenmesi teşvik edilmektedir. Bu durum ülkemizde kıl keçisi sayısınıazaltırken koyun sayısınıarttırmaktadır. Ülkemizde yer şekillerinin engebesiz olduğu, bitki örtüsü çayır ve otlaklardan oluşan sahalarda büyükbaşhayvancılık özellikle de sığır yetiştiriciliği yaygındır. Tarım arazilerinin parçalıve küçük olduğu, makineli tarımın gelişmesine müsait olmayan alanlarda sayılarıgiderek azalsa da binek hayvanlarının beslenmesine devam edilmektedir. Bu makalede Silifke’de bulunan küçükbaşve büyükbaşhayvan varlığının köylere dağılışıincelenerek; yer şekillerinin ve bitki örtüsünün küçükbaşve büyükbaşhayvan varlığının dağılışıüzerindeki etkileri ele alınmıştır. Araştırma sahasında 74 köy yerleşmesi bulunmaktadır. Silifke’de, küçükbaşve büyükbaşhayvan varlığı, yer şekilleri ile bitki örtüsünün etkisi altında şekillenerek dağılışgöstermiştir. İlçede yer şekillerinin engebeli ve eğimli, tarım arazilerinin sınırlıolduğu, maki bitki örtüsü bulunan sahalarda genellikle kıl keçisi yetiştiriciliği yaygındır. Orman içi, orman kenarıve dağeteği köylerinde ormana zarar verdiği için yasaklanan kıl keçisi, kademeli olarak azaltılırken; koyun sayısıartmaktadır. Göksu Ovasıgibi engebenin ve eğimin az olduğu, çayır ve otlakların bulunduğu alanlarda küçükbaşhayvan sayısıaz iken büyükbaşhayvan besiciliği ön plana çıkmaktadır.İlçede engebenin ve eğimin fazla, tarım arazilerinin küçük ve parçalıolduğu, makineli tarım yapmaya müsait olmayan, ulaşımda sıkıntıçekilen alanlarda binek ve yük hayvanlarıbeslenmektedir.

After the agricultural activities, livestock is one of the oldest economic activity with the settlement of humanbeings This type of activity is shaped and continues to develop according to geographical features of the land. Landforms and vegetation are the two biggest factors affecting the distribution of cattle and sheep in our country. As it is known, making goat farming are common in the areas where landforms are rugged and mountainous, agricultural land is limited and maquis vegetation is common. The barbels which can move and adapt quickly is more common in hilly and sloping terrain. However, in the plain areas where agricultural land increased, the number of barbels is decreasing. Because, the goats that can adapt all kinds of terrain prefer feeding in forests and hilly areas instead of flat land. In the rugged landforms where steppe vegetation is seen, sheep farming is common. However, as the steppe vegetation is not seen in coastal parts of our country, sheep farming is common in limited land which scrub vegetation becomes sparse. As sheep grown for wool, ıt can not be comfortable in areas where the scrub bushes are seen. But, for the preventation of destroying forests due to the goats, raising sheep is encouraged instead of raising goat. While this situation reduces the number of goat, it increases the number of sheep in our country. Cattle farming are common in areas where landforms are plain in our country and the vegetation is meadow and grassland. In these areas, dairy farms that enterprise milk and milk products are developing. Even if it is decresing day by day, farming pack animal is still going on in the areas where the land, is piecemeal, poor and unsuitable for motoculture. These animals are utilized to carry load in narrow roads and paths. In this article by examining the distribution of cattle and sheep presence in the villages of Silifke, the effects of landforms and vegetation on the distribution are discussed. There are 74 villages located in the field of research. The area is surrounded by Erdemli, on the east; Mut and Gülnar on the west; and Karaman and Mediterranean Sea on the North. The main morphological units of this research area are the mountainous areas that are formed by the Central Toros and the areas that fall out as a result of erosion. low and high plateaus % 89 of the area is mountianous and % 11 of it contains grassy plains. The declivity and height increases when you are away from the sea. Due to the geological formation of the land, the flow rate of rain is low. The rain water reaches the sea by leaking from the cracks and cavities. Aksıfat watercourse has this feature. The number of seasonal watercourses rises because of the irregular rainfall. In this area, Göksu is the biggest river, spring of which is near Ermenek. Generally, Göksu River takes nourisment not only rainfall, but it is also nourished with melting snow near Ermenek and Mut. The flow of the river that increases in winter time, is at the top in March and April. The flow is at the bottom in July and September. The district has the biggest lakes of Mersin. Akgöl that is in Göksu Delta is 1200 hectare and Paradeniz is 350 hectare. The water of Akgöl is soft that takes nourisment from drainage channels by pouring its water to Paradeniz. Mediterranean climate is effective in this area. In the district that Mediterranean climate is dominant, the situation changes depending on the increment of height. Average temperature is about c˚19 and the amount of average rain fall is 572,2 mm. According to Thornthwaite’s climate classification 100 C2B2S2b4 climate type that is familiar with the influence of ocean is seen dry-a little moist-at the average temperature and water rate is over in winter time . Terra rossa usually lies in the research area. In the areas where the vegetation is rich Brown soil type, in declivitous hillsides colluvial type of soil and at the bottom of Göksu Valley alluvium type are seen. In addition the red pine forests in the research area, ın the grounds that red pines destroy the shrubs are widespread. As the height rises the vegetation begins to change and torch pines, cedars and firs are seen. According to 2007 population cencus, the total population of Silifke is 111 698. 52 961 of these people live in the city centre and 58 737 of this population live in towns and villages. % 47.4 of the total population is in the urban area and % 52.6 of it is in rural area. In this area there is a city. There are 8 towns and 66 villages and totally there are 75 stable centre of population. Settlement in plateaus are exremely common as a result of animal husbandry and conditions of climate. There are 19 plateaus in the district. The existence of cattle and sheep and goats spreads under the effect of land forms and vegetation. In the district as the land is declivitous and hilly, in the areas where the land is limited the barbels are raised. Barbel raising is banned in the forest, near the forest and in villages on the hillsides as the barbels damage the forests. While the number of barbels is declining day by day, the number of sheep is increasing. Cattle raising appears in grandlands while sheep and goats are rare in the flat areas like Göksu Plain. Pack animals and mounts are raised in the areas where the declivity is excessive, the agricultural lands are restricted and pull into pieces. According to 2007 data, the total number of cattle, sheep and goat is 108 371. While % 88.7 96 167 of these animals are sheep and goats, % 11.3 12 204 of them are cattles. The sheep and goats are numerous in the mountainous parts of the district and in the lands that maquis is seen. However the existence of cattles are dense in grasslands of Göksu Plain. There are 96 167 sheep and goats in the research area according to 2007 data. % 75,5 72 612 of the sheep and goats are barbels,% 24,5 23 555 of them are sheep Raising barbels which is traditional and common in the research area is one of the most important means of livelihood. In the lands where the landforms are mountanious and rugged, the amount of land is limited and where maquis is seen raising barbels is pervasive. Generally, as a result of increment of height on the West and on the North of the area, the rate of rasing barbels is increasing, too. One of the features of this area where raising barbels is of a high percentage that the agricultural activities are done as a dry land farming. Namely, there is a problem of watering in these areas. Generally, the existence of barbels is dense in the villages of the area on the North. The existence of barbels is significantly low as the land is flat and the agricultural doings are important in the villages of Göksu Plain. Morever, in the villages where the number of barbels is not much, the maquis isn’t seen. Totaly, there are 12 204 cattles in the district. % 91 11 084 of the cattles are cows, % 4 530 of them are horses, % 3 381 of them are donkeys, % 2 209 of them are mules. The cows have the biggest share all of the cattles’ rate. The cows that are raised for milk and meat are the animals fed mostly. In the areas where the roughness is less, and the grasslands are common stockfarming is widespread especially on the settlements on Göksu Plain . Besides this crops that are grown in the plain are used for as cattle cake. This encourages stockfarming. In the research area where the roughness and declivity is excessive, the lands are limited and small, and the land is not suitable for motoculture, mounts are raised. Despite the number of them is declining day by day, mounts are benefited from ploughing in the lands where tractors and other vehicles can’t work and carrying load in the narrow roads and paths. Horses; mules and