Kübreviyye Tarîkati Özelinde Tasavvufta Zikr

Öz

İslam tasavvufunda, çeşitli tarîkatler arasında ortak ritüellerden biri zikirdir. Şerîat, farklı zikir formüllerinin tekrarlanmasına vurgu yapmakla birlikte, bunların uygulanmasını zorunlu kılmaz. Bununla birlikte, çeşitli tasavvufî tarîkatler içinde zikir, davranışın temel bir vechesi ve pratik mistisizmin temel taşı olarak görülür. İslam tasavvufunda müritler nefsi arındırmayı zorunlu görürler. Sonuç olarak zikir, İslam tasavvufunun çeşitli okulları ve kolları arasında bu amaca yönelik bir araç olarak kabul edilir. Her bir tarîkat, takipçileri için kendine özgü metot ve ritüeller geliştirmiştir. İslam tasavvufunun en eski ekollerinden biri olan Kübreviyye tarîkati de müritleri için, zikir özelinde, kendi ritüel ve talimatlarını oluşturmuştur. Bu makalenin temel amacı, Kubreviyye tarîkatinde zikrin özünü ve niteliğini açıklamaktır. Bu amaç, zikrin önemini, ilkelerini, hedeflerini, yöntemlerini ve sonuçlarını kapsamaktadır. Analiz çoğunlukla, Kübreviyye tarîkati metinleri ve zikir ile ilgili, tasavvufun diğer kaynaklarına ait materyallere dayanmaktadır. Bu bilimsel yaklaşım, zikrin özelde Kübreviyye tarîkatinde, genelde ise İslam tasavvufundaki rolü ve öneminin kapsamlı bir şekilde anlaşılmasını sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zikir
• Mürid
• İslami mistisizm
• Kübreviyye
• tasavvuf

Dhikr in Islamic Sufism. A Case Study: the Order of Kubrawiyya

Abstract

Among various orders of Islamic Sufism, one of the common rituals is dhikr. While sharīa places significant emphasis on the repetition of different dhikr formulas, it does not mandate its practice. However, within the diverse orders of Sufism, dhikr is viewed as a fundamental aspect of conduct and a cornerstone of practical mysticism. In Islamic Sufism, disciples deem it obligatory to purify the nafs. Consequently, dhikr is regarded as a means to this end across various schools and branches of Islamic Sufism. Each order of Islamic Sufism has developed its own unique instructions and rituals for its followers. The Kubrawiyya order, one of the oldest schools of Islamic Sufism, has also established its own rituals and instructions pertaining to dhikr for its disciples. The primary objective of this paper is to elucidate the essence and the quality of dhikr in the Kubrawiyya order. This includes its importance, principles, objectives, methods, and results. The analysis is based on the materials presented in the texts of the Kubrawiyya order, supplemented by references to other sources of Islamic Sufism. This scholarly approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the role and significance of dhikr within the Kubrawiyya order specifically, and Islamic Sufism more broadly.

Keywords

• Dhikr
• Disciple
• Islamic mysticism
• Sufism
• Kubrawiyya

References

1. al-Qoshairi, Abul-Qasim Abdul-Karim Ibn Hawazen. Risalah Qashairiyya. Tehran: Hermes Publications, 2012. Badlisi, Ammar bin Yaser. Soum al-Qalb. Tehran: Mowla Publications 2015.
2. Chitick, William. An Introduction to the Sufism of Islamic Mysticism. Tehran: Hekmat Publications, 2010.
3. Ebadi, Mansour. al-Tasfiyah Fi Ahwaal al-Motasavafah. Tehran: Farhang Iran Foundation Publications, 1968.
4. Hamadani, Mir Seyyed Ali. Forty Maqams of Sufiya. Manuscript, misplaced, 1501.
5. ---. Risalah Zikriah. Karaj: Najm-Kobra Publications, 2009.
6. Ibn-Ajibah, Ahmad. al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid. Cairo: Hassan Abbas Zaki, 1998.
7. Ibn-Arabi, Muhammad bin Ali. al-Futuhat al-Makiyya. Qom: Āl-Albeyt, 2016.
8. Kashani, Ezzeddin Mahmoud bin-Ali. Misbah al-Hedaye and Miftah al-Kefayeh. Tehran: Homa Publications, 1988.

9. Koleini, Mohammad bin Yaqoob. Osul Kafi. Tehran: Qaim Al Mohammad Publications, 2006.
10. Lahiji, Shamsuddin Mohammad. The Description of Golshan Raz. Tehran: Zovar Publications, 2009.
11. Lajimi, Abedin and Reza Kohsari. “The Human Soul from the Perspective of the Qur’an,” Qur'anic Studies 36, (2018): 123-149.
12. Majlisi, Muhammad Baghar Ibin Muhammad Taqi. Bihar al-Anwar. Beirut: Dar Ehiya al-Torath al-Arabi, 1983. Makarem Shirazi, Nasser. Tafsir Nemoone. Qom: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiya, 2017.
13. Mohammadi, Kazem. Najmuddin Kobra Pir Vali Tarash. Karaj: Najm Kobra Publications, 2007.
14. Mohammadzadeh, Seyyed Nader. “Reciting in the Order of Kobrawyya.” Islamic Mysticism 7, 25 (2010): 69-106.
15. Najm al-Din Kubra, Fawaeh al-Jamal and Fawatheh al-Jalal. Translated by Mohammad Baqer Saedi. Tehran, 1986.
16. ---. Minhaj al-Salikin and Meraj al-Talibin. Karaj: Najm Kobra Publications, 2009.
17. ---. Usul al-Eshrah. Translated and annotated by Abdul Ghafoor Lari, Tehran: Mowla Publications, 2019.
18. Nasafi, Mohammad. Kashf al-Haqayeq. Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company, 1980.
19. Parsa, Khaaja Mohammad. Qudsiyah. Rawalpindi: Persian Research Center of Iran and Pakistan, 1975.
20. Payandeh, Abolqasem. Nahj al-Fasaha. Tehran: Doniaye Danesh, 2003.
21. Razi, Najm al-Din. Mersad al-Ibad Men al-Mabda ila al-Maad. Tehran: Sanai Publications, n.d.
22. Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim. al-Hikma al-Muttaaliyah fi al-Asfar al-Arbaeh. Tehran: Sadra Islamic Wisdom Foundation, 2001.
23. ---. Tafsir al-Qur’an al-Karim. Translated by Mohsen Bidarfar. Qom: Bidar Publications, 2020.
24. Semnani, Alaa al-Dawlah. al-Orwa li Ahl al-Khalwa wa al-Jalwa. Tehran: Mowla Publications, 1983.
25. Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein. al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an. Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiya, 1993.
26. Taheri, Seyyed Mahmoud. Collection of Letters. Qom: Ayat Eshraq Publications, 2009.
27. Yathrebi, Yahya. Practical Mysticism. Tehran: Bostan Kitab, 2011.
28. ZarinKoob, Abdul Hossain. Sequence of Search in Mysticism of Iran. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications, 1997.