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Divine Whispers: Unraveling the Enigma of the Sufi “Yan Hakika” Movement in West Africa

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 3 - 16, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2025.8.82

Abstract

In the vibrant heart of West African Sufism, an enigmatic force stirs—the Yan Hakika movement, emerging from the Tijaniyya-Ibrahimiyya Sufi order in Nigeria. Imagine selfproclaimed spiritual guides declaring, “I am God,” and whispering that “everything and everyone is a shimmering reflection of the Divine,” echoing the metaphysical depths of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Wahdat al-Wujūd (Oneness of Being). This study explores how such radical claims disrupt notions of religious authenticity, spark fierce debates on social cohesion, and reshape communal bonds. Drawing on songs, interviews, historical letters, and responses from mainstream Tijaniyya and Sunni voices, it traces the raw tension between spiritual daring and doctrinal boundaries. In a world where faith evolves amid modernity, Yan Hakika provokes both ecstatic awakenings and heated controversy—inviting reflection on the dance between sacred innovation and enduring orthodoxy. Ultimately, this article offers a lens on the interplay between tradition and transformation in the pursuit of spiritual truth in contemporary West African Islam.

References

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. NY: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Adamu, A. U. “Profaning the Sacred in Tijaniyya Sufi Songs in Kano.” In Kano: The State, Society and Economy, edited by M. A. Isa et al., 123–145. Kano: Trans West Africa Limited, 2017.
  • Carter, Lewis F. The Issue of Authenticity in the Study of Religions. UK: Jai Press, 1996.
  • Hiskett, Mervyn. “The ‘Community of Grace’ and Its Opponents, the ‘Rejectors’: A Debate About Theology and Mysticism in Muslim West Africa with Special Reference to Its Hausa Expression.” African Language Studies, 17 (1980): 99–140.
  • Ibn al-ʿArabi. Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: An Annotated Translation of "The Bezels of Wisdom". Translated and annotated by R. W. J. Austin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
  • Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Fath al-Bari. Vol. 11. Cairo: Al-Matba’a al-Salafiyya, 1930.
  • Isa, Kabiru Haruna. “A History of Yan Hakika, a Revisionist Islamic Group in Northern Nigeria.” Africa 92, 5 (2022): 780–797.
  • McCutcheon, Russell T. “The Jargon of Authenticity and the Study of Religion.” Religion and Theology 8, 3–4 (2001): 229–252.
  • Muslim Ummah TV. “Inna Lillahi Wa’inna Ilaihir Raji’un Kafircin ‘Yan Hakika Kara Bayyana Yake. Allah Ka Tsare Mu.” YouTube, November 14, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gKUPXWNXjQ.
  • Qibla FM. “Shehu Dan Anty Responds to Those Who Say He's Not Tijaniyya - Live!” Facebook, July 4, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/qiblafm/videos/shehu-dan-anty-responds￾to-those-who-say-hes-not-tijaniyya-live/138569801628309/.
  • ---, “Sh Dan Anty vs Sh Abdallah Shaban - Haqiqa And Tijaniyya Debate On Qibla FM.” YouTube video, 2:03:15. July 23, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI_QZBI7Fgw.
  • Quadri, Yasir A. “The Tijaniyya in Nigeria: A Case Study.” PhD diss., University of Ibadan, 1981.
  • Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
  • Seesemann, Rudiger. “Sufism in West Africa.” Religion Compass 4, 10 (2010): 606–614.
  • --- . The Divine Flood: Ibrahim Niasse and the Roots of a Twentieth-Century Sufi Revival. NY: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Wright, Zachary, Muhtar Holland, and Abdullahi El-Okene. The Removal of Confusion Concerning the Flood of the Saintly Seal Ahmad al-Tijani: A Translation of Kashif al-Ilbas of Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2009.

İlâhî Fısıltılar: Batı Afrika’daki ‘Yan Hakika’ Hareketinin Gizemini Çözmek

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 3 - 16, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2025.8.82

Abstract

Batı Afrika tasavvufunun dinamik kalbinde esrarengiz bir kıpırdanmaya sebebiyet veren ‘Yan Hakika’ hareketi, Nijerya’daki Ticâniyye-İbrâhimiyye yolundan neşet eden bir harekettir. Hareket içinde, kendini mânevi rehber ilan ederek ‘Ene’l-Hak’ iddiasında bulunanların, âlemdeki herşeyin Hakk’ın göz kamaştırıcı bir tecellîsi olduğu yönündeki beyanlarını, İbnü’l-‘Arabî’nin vahdet-i vücûd düşüncesinin metafizik boyutları üzerine inşa ettikleri düşünülebilir. Ancak bu çalışma, böylesi radikal iddiaların, ‘hakîkî din’ kavramını nasıl altüst ettiğini, sosyal birlik ve beraberlik hakkındaki hararetli tartışmaları nasıl tetiklediğini ve toplumsal bağları nasıl yeniden şekillendirdiğini ele almaktadır. Çalışma aynı zamanda ilâhîler, röportajlar, mektuplar ile ana akım Ticânî ve Sünnî çevrelerden gelen tepkiler üzerinden ‘mânevî cüretkârlık’ ve doktrine bağlı sınırlar arasındaki gerilimi incelemektedir. Yan Hakika hareketi, inancın, modernizmin ortasında gelişmeye çalıştığı bir dönemde, bir yandan vecdî uyanışları tahrik ederken diğer yandan hararetli tartışmaları tetikleyerek bid’at ile gelenek arasındaki kadîm ihtilaf üzerine tefekkür etmeye imkan tanımaktadır. Son olarak bu çalışma, çağdaş Batı Afrika İslam düşüncesindeki hakikat arayışında gelenek ile değişim arasındaki etkileşime bir bakış açısı getirmeyi hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. NY: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Adamu, A. U. “Profaning the Sacred in Tijaniyya Sufi Songs in Kano.” In Kano: The State, Society and Economy, edited by M. A. Isa et al., 123–145. Kano: Trans West Africa Limited, 2017.
  • Carter, Lewis F. The Issue of Authenticity in the Study of Religions. UK: Jai Press, 1996.
  • Hiskett, Mervyn. “The ‘Community of Grace’ and Its Opponents, the ‘Rejectors’: A Debate About Theology and Mysticism in Muslim West Africa with Special Reference to Its Hausa Expression.” African Language Studies, 17 (1980): 99–140.
  • Ibn al-ʿArabi. Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: An Annotated Translation of "The Bezels of Wisdom". Translated and annotated by R. W. J. Austin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
  • Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Fath al-Bari. Vol. 11. Cairo: Al-Matba’a al-Salafiyya, 1930.
  • Isa, Kabiru Haruna. “A History of Yan Hakika, a Revisionist Islamic Group in Northern Nigeria.” Africa 92, 5 (2022): 780–797.
  • McCutcheon, Russell T. “The Jargon of Authenticity and the Study of Religion.” Religion and Theology 8, 3–4 (2001): 229–252.
  • Muslim Ummah TV. “Inna Lillahi Wa’inna Ilaihir Raji’un Kafircin ‘Yan Hakika Kara Bayyana Yake. Allah Ka Tsare Mu.” YouTube, November 14, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gKUPXWNXjQ.
  • Qibla FM. “Shehu Dan Anty Responds to Those Who Say He's Not Tijaniyya - Live!” Facebook, July 4, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/qiblafm/videos/shehu-dan-anty-responds￾to-those-who-say-hes-not-tijaniyya-live/138569801628309/.
  • ---, “Sh Dan Anty vs Sh Abdallah Shaban - Haqiqa And Tijaniyya Debate On Qibla FM.” YouTube video, 2:03:15. July 23, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI_QZBI7Fgw.
  • Quadri, Yasir A. “The Tijaniyya in Nigeria: A Case Study.” PhD diss., University of Ibadan, 1981.
  • Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
  • Seesemann, Rudiger. “Sufism in West Africa.” Religion Compass 4, 10 (2010): 606–614.
  • --- . The Divine Flood: Ibrahim Niasse and the Roots of a Twentieth-Century Sufi Revival. NY: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Wright, Zachary, Muhtar Holland, and Abdullahi El-Okene. The Removal of Confusion Concerning the Flood of the Saintly Seal Ahmad al-Tijani: A Translation of Kashif al-Ilbas of Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2009.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sufism
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Shafiu Alidu 0000-0002-7337-3030

Submission Date June 10, 2025
Acceptance Date October 31, 2025
Publication Date November 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Alidu, Shafiu. “Divine Whispers: Unraveling the Enigma of the Sufi ‘Yan Hakika’ Movement in West Africa”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 4, no. 2 (November 2025): 3-16. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2025.8.82.