Review Article

The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)

Volume: 5 Number: 1 June 26, 2026
EN TR

The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)

Abstract

This paper examines the multi-layered concept of ‘aql (intellect) within Islamic thought, specifically focusing on its evolution and interpretation in the Sufi tradition. Contesting modern reductions of ‘aql to mere brain activity or rationality, the study argues that in Sufism, the intellect is fundamentally a state (ḥāl) of the heart and a tool for ethical and spiritual discernment. Through a comparative analysis of key figures—Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī (d. 320/932), Abu Ḥamīd al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111), and Mawlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273)—the paper delineates the shifting perceptions of intellect from a practical ethical instrument to a celestial light. Tirmidhī’s anthropological model introduces intellect as a divine light guarding against carnal desires, while Ghazālī categorizes ‘aql into innate and acquired realities, positioning theoretical intellect as secondary to divine truths. Rūmī further develops this by contrasting the “partial or particular intellect” (‘aql-e juz’ī) with the Universal Intellect (‘aql-e kullī), ultimately advocating for the superiority of divine love in reaching the Absolute. The study concludes that the modern dichotomy between intellect and heart is a product of rationalism, whereas the Sufi tradition integrates them, viewing the heart as the highest degree of polished intellect. This synthesis is presented as essential for achieving true wisdom and spiritual realization.

Keywords

References

  1. Bereke, Abdülfettâh Abdullah. “Hakîm et-Tirmizî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, XV, 1997, 196-199.
  2. Bolay, Süleyman Hayri. “Akıl”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, II, 1989, 238-242.
  3. Boer, T. D, & Rahman, F. “ʿAḳl”. In Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English), edited by P. Bearman, 2012. https://doi-org.proxy.uskudar.edu.tr/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0038. (accessed 24 September 2024).
  4. Chittick, William. The Sufi Path of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.
  5. ---, “Aql [in Persian Literature]”. Encyclopedia Iranica, II, 1986, 195-198.
  6. ---, The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of Imagination, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  7. Karamustafa, Ahmet T. Sufism: The Formative Period. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
  8. Marquet, Y. “al-Tirmidhī”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English), edited by P. Bearman, 2012. https://doi-org.proxy.uskudar.edu.tr/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1230. (accessed 24 September 2024).

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sufism

Journal Section

Review Article

Publication Date

June 26, 2026

Submission Date

March 17, 2026

Acceptance Date

March 31, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 5 Number: 1

APA
Kılıç, M. E. (2026). The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql). Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95
AMA
1.Kılıç ME. The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql). JISS. 2026;5(1):101-111. doi:10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95
Chicago
Kılıç, Mahmud Erol. 2026. “The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) As the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 5 (1): 101-11. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95.
EndNote
Kılıç ME (June 1, 2026) The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql). Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 5 1 101–111.
IEEE
[1]M. E. Kılıç, “The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)”, JISS, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 101–111, June 2026, doi: 10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95.
ISNAD
Kılıç, Mahmud Erol. “The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) As the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 5/1 (June 1, 2026): 101-111. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95.
JAMA
1.Kılıç ME. The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql). JISS. 2026;5:101–111.
MLA
Kılıç, Mahmud Erol. “The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) As the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 101-1, doi:10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95.
Vancouver
1.Mahmud Erol Kılıç. The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql). JISS. 2026 Jun. 1;5(1):101-1. doi:10.32739/ustad.2026.9.95