The Polished Intellect: Understanding the Heart (Qalb) as the Seat of Reason (‘Aql)
Abstract
This paper examines the multi-layered concept of ‘aql (intellect) within Islamic thought, specifically focusing on its evolution and interpretation in the Sufi tradition. Contesting modern reductions of ‘aql to mere brain activity or rationality, the study argues that in Sufism, the intellect is fundamentally a state (ḥāl) of the heart and a tool for ethical and spiritual discernment. Through a comparative analysis of key figures—Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī (d. 320/932), Abu Ḥamīd al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111), and Mawlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273)—the paper delineates the shifting perceptions of intellect from a practical ethical instrument to a celestial light. Tirmidhī’s anthropological model introduces intellect as a divine light guarding against carnal desires, while Ghazālī categorizes ‘aql into innate and acquired realities, positioning theoretical intellect as secondary to divine truths. Rūmī further develops this by contrasting the “partial or particular intellect” (‘aql-e juz’ī) with the Universal Intellect (‘aql-e kullī), ultimately advocating for the superiority of divine love in reaching the Absolute. The study concludes that the modern dichotomy between intellect and heart is a product of rationalism, whereas the Sufi tradition integrates them, viewing the heart as the highest degree of polished intellect. This synthesis is presented as essential for achieving true wisdom and spiritual realization.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Sufism
Journal Section
Review Article
Authors
Publication Date
June 26, 2026
Submission Date
March 17, 2026
Acceptance Date
March 31, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 5 Number: 1