Bir Literatür İncelemesi: XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Aşiretler İlişkisi

Abstract

XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı merkezi yönetimi ve aşiretler arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanan oldukça zengin bir literatür vardır. Bu makalede, alanın öne çıkan çalışmalarının bir özetini yapmayı amaçlıyorum. Aşiret grupları Osmanlı merkezi yönetimi ile olan ilişkileri içerisinde farklı şekillerde ele alınmışlardır. Bu makalede değineceğim çalışmaları üç başlık altında inceleyeceğim. Araştırmacıların önemli bir bölümü XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve aşiretler arasındaki ilişkiyi müzakere ve ortaklık argümanı çerçevesinde ele almışlardır. Bu çalışmalarda aşiretler, Osmanlı merkezi hükümeti ile karşılıklı bir güç ilişkisi içinde olan aktif özneler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Araştırmacıların dikkate değer bir bölümü II. Abdülhamid yönetiminin (1876-1908) imparatorluğun tüm tebaasını ayrılıkçı hareketlere karşı birleştirmeyi amaçlayan politikasında aşiretlerin rolüne önem vermişlerdir. İkinci olarak aşiretleri Hamidiye döneminin önemli aktörleri olarak ele alan çalışmalara odaklanacağım. Son bölümde ise, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu`nda aşiretleri kimlik siyasetinin bir parçası olarak ele alan önemli çalışmalara değineceğim. Bu bölümde, aşiretlerin 19. yüzyılın sonlarında etnik kimlikleri oluşturan karmaşık ve karşılıklı ilişkilerin bir parçası olarak öne çıktığı görülecektir. Bu makale, literatürdeki çalışmalar aracılığıyla, 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı merkezi yönetimi ile aşiretler arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Aşiretler
• Kürt Aşiretleri
• Aşiret liderleri
• 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
• II. Abdülhamid

A Literature Review: The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Tribes in the XIXth Century

Abstract

There is extensive literature on the relationship between the Ottoman central government and tribes in the XIX. century Ottoman Empire. In this article, I aim to make a summary of significant studies in the literature. Tribal groups are taken to hand in different roles within their relationship with the Ottoman central government. I will examine selected works under three headings. In the first group of these studies, tribes are focused on as the partners of the central Ottoman government. A significant group of scholars has addressed the issue of tribes in the second half of the XIXth century under the partnership and negotiation argument. In these studies, tribes have been taken to hand as active agents that were in the mutual power relations with the Ottoman central government. Some scholars have given importance to the role of tribes in the policy of Abdulhamid II which aim to unify all other subjects of the empire against the separatist movements. Secondly, I will focus on the studies that examine the tribal groups as the significant actors of the Hamidian era. Lastly, I will reveal the studies that consider the tribes to the part of identity politics in the Ottoman Empire. It will be seen that tribes are addressed as a part of complex mutual relations that formed ethnic identities in the late 19th century. Through the studies in the literature, this paper aims to provide an analysis of the relationship between the Ottoman central government and tribes in the 19th century.

Keywords

• Abdulhamid II
• 19th Century Ottoman Empire
• Tribes
• Abdulhamid II
• Kurdish tribes
• Tribal leaders.
• 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
• II. Abdülhamid

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