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İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler

Year 2005, Issue: 5, 553 - 574, 01.05.2005

Abstract

Bu makalede gayrımüslimlere ilişkin önemli kitap ve makaleler gözden geçirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Makale özellikle gayrımüslimlerin hukuki statüleri hakkındaki eserleri ele almaya ve eleştirel açıdan değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu makalenin bir diğer amacı İslam devletlerinde özellikle de Osmanlı Devletinde yaşayan ehl-i kitap ve diğer gayrımüslim grupların gerçek pozisyonu hakkındaki sorulara doyurucu cevaplar bulmaktır. Konuya ilişkin tarihi ve sosyolojik açıdan yapılmış bir çok kaynağın varlığına karşın hukuki bakış açısıyla yapılmış araştırmalar son derece nadirdir. Hukuki şartların açıkça ortaya konması kaynakların ve İslam devletlerinin uygulamalarının daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için önemli ve gereklidir. Hamidullah, İnalcık, Pantazapoulos, Cohen ve Hacker gibi araştırmacıların eserleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu eserlerde gayrımüslimlerin hukuki statülerine dair önemli açıklamalar bulmak mümkündür. Bu kaynakların gözden geçirilmesi bazı temel hususların anlaşılması açısından (örne- ğin ?Ahidname-i Ömer adıyla meşhur belgenin gerçek olup olmadığı, kulebend kavramının içeriği, ibadet yerlerinin hukuki statüsü ve ferdi haklar) bu eserlerin gözden geçirilmesi gerekir. Bu eserlerde arşiv malzemeleri ve belgelere ilişkin önemli bilgiler de vardır. Bazı eserler ise ideolojik bir bakış açısıyla yazılmıştır. Yazar burada daha çok konunun hukuki yönüne vurgu yapmaktadır.

References

  • Abu Jaber, K. S.; “The Millet System in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire”, The Muslim World, 1967, c. LVII, sy. 3.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onuncu Asr-ı Hicride İstanbul Hayatı (1495-1591), İstanbul, 1998.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onbirinci Asr-ı Hicrîde İstanbul Hayatı (1592-1688), İstanbul, 1988.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onikinci Asr-ı Hicride İstanbul Hayatı (1689-1785), İstanbul, 1988.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onüçüncü Asr-ı Hicride İstanbul Hayatı (1786-1882), İstanbul, 1988.
  • Ahmet Refik; Türk İdaresinde Bulgaristan, İstanbul 1933.
  • Al-Kattan, Najwa; “Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discri- mination”, IJMES, 1999, sy. 31.
  • Arnakis, G. G.; “The Greek Church of Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire”, The Jo- urnal of Modern History, 1952, c. XXIV, sy. 3.
  • Bat Ye’or; The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam, Rutherford, 1985.
  • Bertram, A. ve J. W. A. Young; The Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Londra, 1926.
  • Bozkurt, Gülnihal; Gayrımüslim Osmanlı Vatandaşlarının Hukukî Durumu (1839- 1914), Ankara: TTK Yay., 1996.
  • Braude, B. ve B. Lewis (ed.); Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I-II, New York, 1982.
  • Cohen, Amnon; Jewish Life under Islam, Londra, 1984.
  • Düzdağ, Ertuğrul; Şeyhülislam Ebussuud Efendi Fetvaları Işığında XVI. Asır Türk Hayatı, İstanbul, 1972.
  • Emecen, Feridun; Unutulmuş Bir Cemaat Manisa Yahudileri, İstanbul, 1997.
  • Engelhardt, Edouard P.; Türkiye ve Tanzimat, Devlet-i Osmaniyenin Tarih-i Islahatı, çev. Ali Reşad, İstanbul, 1328.
  • Epstein, Mark A.; “The Leadership of the Ottoman Jews in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I, B. Braude ve B. Lewis, New York, 1982.
  • Ercan, Yavuz; “Türkiye’de XV. ve XVI. Yüzyıllarda Gayrımüslimlerin Hukukî, İçtimaî ve İk- tisadî Durumu”, Belleten, 1984, c. XLVII, sy. 188.
  • Eryılmaz, Bilal; Osmanlı Devletinde Gayrımüslim Teb’anın Yönetimi, İstanbul, 1990.
  • Fayda, Mustafa; Hz. Ömer Zamanında Gayrımüslimler, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Gerber, Haim; Ottoman Rule in Jerusalem 1890-1914, Berlin, 1985.
  • Giannakis, Basil S.; International Status of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Massachusetts, 1959.
  • Goitein, S. D.; “Minority Selfrule and Government Control in Islam”, Studia Islamica, 1970, sy. 31.
  • Goodblatt, M. S.; Jewish Life in the Turkey in the 16thCentury, New York, 1952.
  • Gradeva, Rossitsa; “Ottoman Policy Towards Christian Church Buildings”, Etudes Balka- niques, 1994, sy. 4.
  • Gradeva, Rossitsa; “Orthodox Christians in the Kadi Courts: The Practice of the Sofia She- riat Court, Seventeenth Century”, Islamic Law and Society,1997, c. IV, sy. 1.
  • Grunhaus, Nechama, “The Taxation System of The Jewish Community of Izmir in the Se- venteenth Through the Nineteenth Centuries”, Doktora Tezi, New York Univer- sity, 1995.
  • Hacker, Joseph R.; “Ottoman Policy Towards the Jews and Jewish Attitudes Towards the Ottomans During the Fifteenth Century”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I, B. Braude ve B. Lewis (ed.), New York, 1982.
  • Hamidullah, Muhammed; İslam Peygameberi I, çev. S. Mutlu, İstanbul, 1967.
  • Hamidullah, Muhammed; İslam Peygamberi II, çev. S. Mutlu ve S. Tuğ, İstanbul, 1969.
  • Hamidullah, Muhammed; Mecmûatü’l-Vesâiki’s-Siyasiyye, li’l-Ahdi’n-Nebevî ve’l-Hilafe- ti’r-Raşide, Beyrut, 1987.
  • Istavridis, Vasil T.; Prerogatives of the Byzantine Patriarchate in Relation with the Other Oriental Patriarchates, Roma, ts.
  • Hussey, J. M.; The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, New York, 1991.
  • İbn-i Kayyım el-Cevziyye, Ahkâmü Ehli’z-Zimme I-II, Beyrut, 1995.
  • İnalcık, Halil; “Ottoman Archival Materials on Millets”, Christians and Jews in the Otto- man Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I, B. Braude ve B. Lewis (ed.), New York, 1982.
  • İnalcık, Halil; “The Status of the Greek Patriarch under the Ottomans”, Turcica, 1991, sy. 21-23.
  • İnalcık, Halil; “The Policy of Mehmed II Toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City”, 1969-1970, The Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
  • Jennings, Ronald; “Zimmis (non-Muslims) in Early 17thCentury Ottoman Judicial Re- cords”, JESHO, c. XX, sy. 3.
  • Jennings, Ronald; “Pious Foundations in the Society and Economy of Ottoman Trabzon, 1565-1640”, JESHO, c. XXXIII.
  • Jennings, Ronald, Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World 1571-1640, New York, 1993.
  • Jennings, Ronald; “Loans and Credit in Early 17thCentury Ottoman Judicial Records, the Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri”, JESHO, c. XVI, sy. 2-3.
  • Kenanoğlu, M. Macit; Osmanlı Millet Sistemi, Mit ve Gerçek, İstanbul: Klasik Yay., 2004.
  • Ortaylı, İlber; İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, 3. baskı, İstanbul, 1995.
  • Özel, Ahmet; İslam Hukukunda Milletlerarası Münasebetler ve Ülke Kavramı, İstanbul, 1982.
  • Özel, Ahmet; “Gayrımüslim” DİA, c. XIII, s. 418-427.
  • Pantazopoulos, N.; Church and Law in the Balkan Peninsula During the Ottoman Rule, Selanik, 1967.
  • Pantazopoulos, N.; “Community Laws and Customs of Western Macedonia under Otto- man Rule”, Balkan Studies, 1961, c. II, sy. 1.
  • Papadopoullos, Theodore H.; Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church under Turkish Domination, Brüksel, 1952.
  • Runciman, Steven; The Great Church in Captivity, Cambridge University Press, 1968.
  • Shaw, Stanford; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, Princeton, 1992.
  • Soykan, T. Tankut; Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Gayrimüslimler, İstanbul, 2000.
  • Şahin, M. Süreyya; Fener Patrikhanesi ve Türkiye, İstanbul, 1980.
  • Tibawi, A. L.; “Christians Under Muhammad and His First Two Caliphs”, The Islamic Qu- arterly, 1961, c. VI, sy. 1-2.
  • Wafi, Ali Abdel Wahid; “Human Rights in Islam”, The Islamic Quarterly, 1967, c. XI, sy. 1- 2.
  • Ware, Timothy; Eustratios Argenti: A Study of the Greek Church under Turkish Rule, Midd- lessex, 1964.
  • Weissberg, Victor H.; “Jewish Life in Seventeenth Century Turkey as Reflected in the Res- ponsa of Rabbi Jacob Alfandri and Rabbi Joseph Katzavi”, Doktora Tezi, Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, Ohio, 1970.
  • Zachariadou, E.; Ten Turkish Documents Concerning the Great Church (1483-1567), Ati- na, 1996.
  • Zachariadou, E.; “The Worrisome Wealth of the Celnik Radic”, Studies in Ottoman His- tory, C. Heywood ve C. Imber (ed.), İstanbul, 1994.
  • Zeydan, Abdülkerim; Ahkâmü’z-Zimmiyyîn ve’l-Müste’menîn fi Dari’l-İslam, Beyrut, 1982.

Non-Muslims (Zimmis) in Islamic-Ottoman Law

Year 2005, Issue: 5, 553 - 574, 01.05.2005

Abstract

This article mainly seeks to examine and criticize the sources written about the legal status of nonmuslims. Another goal of this paper is to try to clarify and find an answer the question of the reality about the position of ahl-al-kitab and other nonmuslim groups lived in Islamic states especially in the Ottoman Empire. There are lots of sources written from historical and sociological points of view, but from legal points of view are rare. Clarifying the legal conditions is important and necesarry for a better understanding of the sources and the applications of the Islamic states. Some of the leading scholars' works such as Hamidullah, İnalcık, Pantazapoulos, Cohen, Hacker are really important. They contain lots of important knowledge about the legal status of the non muslims in the Ottoman Empire. Some of the books are written from ideological perspectives. Some of these books are classical. It is necessary to take into consideration these sources to understand the real situation of ahidname-i Omar and some important concepts such as ?kulebend? and the legal situation of churchs, sinagogs and individual rights. It is also important to fix the reality of the limitations about riding horses. Even these books contains important informations about archieval materials and documents. The author especially insists on legal perspectives of the subject.

References

  • Abu Jaber, K. S.; “The Millet System in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire”, The Muslim World, 1967, c. LVII, sy. 3.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onuncu Asr-ı Hicride İstanbul Hayatı (1495-1591), İstanbul, 1998.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onbirinci Asr-ı Hicrîde İstanbul Hayatı (1592-1688), İstanbul, 1988.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onikinci Asr-ı Hicride İstanbul Hayatı (1689-1785), İstanbul, 1988.
  • Ahmet Refik; Onüçüncü Asr-ı Hicride İstanbul Hayatı (1786-1882), İstanbul, 1988.
  • Ahmet Refik; Türk İdaresinde Bulgaristan, İstanbul 1933.
  • Al-Kattan, Najwa; “Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discri- mination”, IJMES, 1999, sy. 31.
  • Arnakis, G. G.; “The Greek Church of Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire”, The Jo- urnal of Modern History, 1952, c. XXIV, sy. 3.
  • Bat Ye’or; The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam, Rutherford, 1985.
  • Bertram, A. ve J. W. A. Young; The Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Londra, 1926.
  • Bozkurt, Gülnihal; Gayrımüslim Osmanlı Vatandaşlarının Hukukî Durumu (1839- 1914), Ankara: TTK Yay., 1996.
  • Braude, B. ve B. Lewis (ed.); Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I-II, New York, 1982.
  • Cohen, Amnon; Jewish Life under Islam, Londra, 1984.
  • Düzdağ, Ertuğrul; Şeyhülislam Ebussuud Efendi Fetvaları Işığında XVI. Asır Türk Hayatı, İstanbul, 1972.
  • Emecen, Feridun; Unutulmuş Bir Cemaat Manisa Yahudileri, İstanbul, 1997.
  • Engelhardt, Edouard P.; Türkiye ve Tanzimat, Devlet-i Osmaniyenin Tarih-i Islahatı, çev. Ali Reşad, İstanbul, 1328.
  • Epstein, Mark A.; “The Leadership of the Ottoman Jews in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I, B. Braude ve B. Lewis, New York, 1982.
  • Ercan, Yavuz; “Türkiye’de XV. ve XVI. Yüzyıllarda Gayrımüslimlerin Hukukî, İçtimaî ve İk- tisadî Durumu”, Belleten, 1984, c. XLVII, sy. 188.
  • Eryılmaz, Bilal; Osmanlı Devletinde Gayrımüslim Teb’anın Yönetimi, İstanbul, 1990.
  • Fayda, Mustafa; Hz. Ömer Zamanında Gayrımüslimler, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Gerber, Haim; Ottoman Rule in Jerusalem 1890-1914, Berlin, 1985.
  • Giannakis, Basil S.; International Status of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Massachusetts, 1959.
  • Goitein, S. D.; “Minority Selfrule and Government Control in Islam”, Studia Islamica, 1970, sy. 31.
  • Goodblatt, M. S.; Jewish Life in the Turkey in the 16thCentury, New York, 1952.
  • Gradeva, Rossitsa; “Ottoman Policy Towards Christian Church Buildings”, Etudes Balka- niques, 1994, sy. 4.
  • Gradeva, Rossitsa; “Orthodox Christians in the Kadi Courts: The Practice of the Sofia She- riat Court, Seventeenth Century”, Islamic Law and Society,1997, c. IV, sy. 1.
  • Grunhaus, Nechama, “The Taxation System of The Jewish Community of Izmir in the Se- venteenth Through the Nineteenth Centuries”, Doktora Tezi, New York Univer- sity, 1995.
  • Hacker, Joseph R.; “Ottoman Policy Towards the Jews and Jewish Attitudes Towards the Ottomans During the Fifteenth Century”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I, B. Braude ve B. Lewis (ed.), New York, 1982.
  • Hamidullah, Muhammed; İslam Peygameberi I, çev. S. Mutlu, İstanbul, 1967.
  • Hamidullah, Muhammed; İslam Peygamberi II, çev. S. Mutlu ve S. Tuğ, İstanbul, 1969.
  • Hamidullah, Muhammed; Mecmûatü’l-Vesâiki’s-Siyasiyye, li’l-Ahdi’n-Nebevî ve’l-Hilafe- ti’r-Raşide, Beyrut, 1987.
  • Istavridis, Vasil T.; Prerogatives of the Byzantine Patriarchate in Relation with the Other Oriental Patriarchates, Roma, ts.
  • Hussey, J. M.; The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, New York, 1991.
  • İbn-i Kayyım el-Cevziyye, Ahkâmü Ehli’z-Zimme I-II, Beyrut, 1995.
  • İnalcık, Halil; “Ottoman Archival Materials on Millets”, Christians and Jews in the Otto- man Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society I, B. Braude ve B. Lewis (ed.), New York, 1982.
  • İnalcık, Halil; “The Status of the Greek Patriarch under the Ottomans”, Turcica, 1991, sy. 21-23.
  • İnalcık, Halil; “The Policy of Mehmed II Toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City”, 1969-1970, The Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
  • Jennings, Ronald; “Zimmis (non-Muslims) in Early 17thCentury Ottoman Judicial Re- cords”, JESHO, c. XX, sy. 3.
  • Jennings, Ronald; “Pious Foundations in the Society and Economy of Ottoman Trabzon, 1565-1640”, JESHO, c. XXXIII.
  • Jennings, Ronald, Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World 1571-1640, New York, 1993.
  • Jennings, Ronald; “Loans and Credit in Early 17thCentury Ottoman Judicial Records, the Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri”, JESHO, c. XVI, sy. 2-3.
  • Kenanoğlu, M. Macit; Osmanlı Millet Sistemi, Mit ve Gerçek, İstanbul: Klasik Yay., 2004.
  • Ortaylı, İlber; İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, 3. baskı, İstanbul, 1995.
  • Özel, Ahmet; İslam Hukukunda Milletlerarası Münasebetler ve Ülke Kavramı, İstanbul, 1982.
  • Özel, Ahmet; “Gayrımüslim” DİA, c. XIII, s. 418-427.
  • Pantazopoulos, N.; Church and Law in the Balkan Peninsula During the Ottoman Rule, Selanik, 1967.
  • Pantazopoulos, N.; “Community Laws and Customs of Western Macedonia under Otto- man Rule”, Balkan Studies, 1961, c. II, sy. 1.
  • Papadopoullos, Theodore H.; Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church under Turkish Domination, Brüksel, 1952.
  • Runciman, Steven; The Great Church in Captivity, Cambridge University Press, 1968.
  • Shaw, Stanford; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, Princeton, 1992.
  • Soykan, T. Tankut; Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Gayrimüslimler, İstanbul, 2000.
  • Şahin, M. Süreyya; Fener Patrikhanesi ve Türkiye, İstanbul, 1980.
  • Tibawi, A. L.; “Christians Under Muhammad and His First Two Caliphs”, The Islamic Qu- arterly, 1961, c. VI, sy. 1-2.
  • Wafi, Ali Abdel Wahid; “Human Rights in Islam”, The Islamic Quarterly, 1967, c. XI, sy. 1- 2.
  • Ware, Timothy; Eustratios Argenti: A Study of the Greek Church under Turkish Rule, Midd- lessex, 1964.
  • Weissberg, Victor H.; “Jewish Life in Seventeenth Century Turkey as Reflected in the Res- ponsa of Rabbi Jacob Alfandri and Rabbi Joseph Katzavi”, Doktora Tezi, Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, Ohio, 1970.
  • Zachariadou, E.; Ten Turkish Documents Concerning the Great Church (1483-1567), Ati- na, 1996.
  • Zachariadou, E.; “The Worrisome Wealth of the Celnik Radic”, Studies in Ottoman His- tory, C. Heywood ve C. Imber (ed.), İstanbul, 1994.
  • Zeydan, Abdülkerim; Ahkâmü’z-Zimmiyyîn ve’l-Müste’menîn fi Dari’l-İslam, Beyrut, 1982.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA97NH44JH
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

M. Macit Kenanoğlu This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2005
Submission Date May 1, 2005
Published in Issue Year 2005 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Kenanoğlu, M. M. (2005). İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi(5), 553-574.
AMA Kenanoğlu MM. İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler. TALID. May 2005;(5):553-574.
Chicago Kenanoğlu, M. Macit. “İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler”. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, no. 5 (May 2005): 553-74.
EndNote Kenanoğlu MM (May 1, 2005) İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 5 553–574.
IEEE M. M. Kenanoğlu, “İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler”, TALID, no. 5, pp. 553–574, May 2005.
ISNAD Kenanoğlu, M. Macit. “İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler”. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 5 (May 2005), 553-574.
JAMA Kenanoğlu MM. İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler. TALID. 2005;:553–574.
MLA Kenanoğlu, M. Macit. “İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler”. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, no. 5, 2005, pp. 553-74.
Vancouver Kenanoğlu MM. İslam-Osmanlı Hukukunda Zimmîler. TALID. 2005(5):553-74.