On Altıncı Yüzyıl Osmanlı Siyaset Düşüncesinde Hukuki Söylem: Bir Literatür Değerlendirmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 20 Issue: 39, 233 - 260, 24.07.2022

Arif Erbil

https://doi.org/10.55842/talid.1022277

Abstract

Dünya tarihinde, on altıncı yüzyıl, erken modernitenin ayırt edici özellikleri olarak tanımlanan birçok alanda dönüştürücü bir rol oynadı. Bu tür dönüşümler Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu etkilerken, imparatorluğun kendine özgü tarihsel gelişmeleri on altıncı yüzyılı tarih yazımı için daha da önemli hale getirdi. On altıncı yüzyıl Osmanlı’sı üzerine üretilmiş olan literatür, özellikle yüzyılın ikinci yarısında imparatorluğun entelektüel çevreleri arasında hukuka ve yasal-rasyonel zihniyete artan vurguyu göstermektedir. Her ne kadar şimdiye kadar üretilmiş olan eserler bu gelişmelerin belirtseler de artan hukuki söylemin siyaset düşüncesi literatürü içerisindeki yeri ancak güçlükle fark edilebilir durumdadır. Bu makale, bağlam ve siyaset düşüncesi arasındaki yakın ilişkiyi takip ederek, bürokratik gelişmeler, savaşlar ve kültürlerarası değişimler gibi önemli dönüşümlerin meşruiyet kaygılarının içeriğini ile dilini ve yönetim hakkındaki fikirlerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu anlamda, on altıncı yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerine modern araştırmaları değerlendirerek ve yeniden inceleyerek, bahsi geçen zaman diliminde imparatorluğun siyaset düşüncesinde hukuka artan vurguyu ve artan hukuki söylemi araştırmaktadır.

Keywords

Osmanlı siyaset düşüncesi, Osmanlı düşünce tarihi, On altıncı yüzyıl, Bağlamsal siyaset düşüncesi, Erken modern dönem, Hukuk ve hukuksal zihniyet

Thanks

Yüksek lisans tez danışmanım Derin Terzioğlu'na, emekleri, eleştirileri ve önerileri için minnettarım. Makale metnini okuyup geliştirilmesi için fikirler sunan Özgür Kavak ve M. Habib Saçmalı'ya teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.

Legalistic Discourse in Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Political Thought: A Literature Review

Abstract

In world history, the sixteenth century played a transformative role in many areas, which have been described as the hallmarks of early modernity. While such transformations influenced the Ottoman Empire, the peculiar historical developments in the empire made the sixteenth century more important for history-writing. The scholarship demonstrates the increasing emphasis on law and legal-rational mentality among the intellectual circles of the empire, especially in the second half of the century. The place of increasing legalistic discourse within the political thought literature is only barely discernable, although the Ottoman historiography demonstrates its cruciality mostly without highlighting the relationships with political thought. By following the close relationship between context and political thought, the present paper aims to illustrate how significant transformations, such as bureaucratic enhancements, wars, and intercultural exchanges, shaped the content and language of legitimacy concerns and the ideas on the right government. In that sense, it explores the growing emphasis on law and increasing legalistic discourse within the empire’s political thought in the given time period by evaluating and re-examining the modern scholarship on the sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire.

Keywords

Ottoman political thought, Ottoman intellectual history, the sixteenth century, early modernity, historical contextualism, legalistic discourse

References

• Ahmed, Shahab. What Is Islam?: The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.
• Akün, Ömer Faruk. “Bursalı Mehmet Tâhir.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 6:452–61. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1992.
• Alam, Muzaffar. The Languages of Political Islam: India 1200-1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
• Al-Azmeh, Aziz. Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian and Pagan Polities. Bloomsbury Academic, 1997.
• Al-Tikriti, Nabil. “Kalam in the Service of State: Apostasy and the Defining of Ottoman Islamic Identity.” In Legitimizing the Order: The Ottoman Rhetoric of State Power, edited by Hakan T. Karatepe and Maurus Reinkwoski, 131–50. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
• Al-Tikriti, Nabil. “Şehzade Korkud (ca. 1468-1513) and the Articulation of Early 16th Century Ottoman Religious Identity.” PhD Thesis, University of Chicago, 2004.
• Andrews, Walter G., and Mehmet Kalpakli. The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2005.
• Anjum, Ovamir. Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• Atçıl, Abdurrahman. “Memlükler’den Osmanlılar’a Geçişte Mısır’da Adlî Teşkilât ve Hukuk (922-931/1517-1525).” İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 38 (2017): 89–121.
• Atçıl, Abdurrahman. Scholars and Sultans in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Atçıl, Abdurrahman. “The Safavid Threat and Juristic Authority in the Ottoman Empire During the 16th Century.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 2 (2017): 295–314.
• Atçıl, Zahit. “The Foundation of Peace Oriented Foreign Policy in the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Rüstem Pasha’s Vision of Diplomacy.” In Istanbul as Center of Diplomacy, edited by Tracey Sowerby and Christopher Markiewicz, 132–52. London: Routledge, 2021.
• Ayoub, Samy A. Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Ḥanafī Jurisprudence. Oxford Islamic Legal Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
• Babayan, Kathryn. Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
• Babayan, Kathryn. “The Waning of the Qizilbash: The Temporal and the Spiritual in Seventeenth Century Iran.” PhD Thesis, Princeton University, 1993.
• Baer, Marc David. “Review of Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire by Tijana Krstić.” Journal of Islamic Studies 23, no. 3 (2012): 391–94.
• Baldwin, James E. Islamic Law and Empire in Ottoman Cairo. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017.
• Bashir, Shahzad. Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam. Columbia: Univ of South Carolina Press, 2003.
• Binbaş, İlker Evrim. Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn ’Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
• Black, Antony. The History of Islamic Political Thought. Second edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
• Böwering, Gerhard, ed. Islamic Political Thought: An Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2015.
• Browning, Gary. “Quentin Skinner, the Cambridge School, and Contextualism.” In A History of Modern Political Thought: The Question of Interpretation, 67–88. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Burak, Guy. “Between the Ḳānūn of Qāytbāy and Ottoman Yasaq: A Note on the Ottomans’ Dynastic Law.” Journal of Islamic Studies 26, no. 1 (2015): 1–23.
• Burak, Guy. “Faith, Law and Empire in the Ottoman ‘Age of Confessionalization’ (Fifteenth–Seventeenth Centuries): The Case of ‘Renewal of Faith.’” Mediterranean Historical Review 28, no. 1 (2013): 1–23.
• Burak, Guy. The Second Formation of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Bursalı Mehmed Tahir. Siyasete Müteallık Asar-ı İslamiyye. İstanbul: Kader Matbaası, 1330.
• Buzov, Snježana. “The Lawgiver and His Lawmakers: The Role of Legal Discourse in the Change of Ottoman Imperial Culture.” PhD Thesis, University of Chicago, 2005.
• Cameron, Euan. The Sixteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
• Chen, Yuan Julian. “Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations.” Journal of Early Modern History 25, no. 5 (2021): 422–56.
• Crone, Patricia. Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
• Darling, Linda T. A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
• Darling, Linda T. “Islamic Empires, the Ottoman Empire, and the Circle of Justice.” In Constitutional Politics in the Middle East: With Special Reference to Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, edited by Said Amir Arjomand, 11–32. London: Hart Publishing, 2008.
• Darli̇ng, Linda T. “Nasihatnameler, İcmal Defterleri, and the Timar-Holding Ottoman Elite in the Late Sixteenth Century.” Osmanlı Araştırmaları 43, no. 43 (2014): 193–226.
• Darling, Linda T. “Ottoman Political Thought: Toward a Revised History.” In Halcyon Days in Crete IX, Political Thought and Practice in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Marinos Sariyannis, 9–15. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2019.
• Darling, Linda T. “Political Change and Political Discourse in the Early Modern Mediterranean World.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38, no. 4 (2008): 505–31.
• Darling, Linda T. “Political Literature and the Development of an Ottoman Imperial Culture in the Fifteenth Century.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 1, no. 1–2 (2014): 57.
• Demir, Uğur. Osmanlı Hilafetinin İlk Asırları. İstanbul: Yeditepe, 2019.
• Dressler, Markus. “Inventing Orthodoxy: Competing Claims for Authority and Legitimacy in the Ottoman-Safavid Conflict.” In Legitimizing the Order: The Ottoman Rhetoric of State Power, edited by Hakan T. Karatepe and Maurus Reinkwoski, 151–73. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
• El Moudden, Abderrahmane. “The Idea of the Caliphate between Moroccans and Ottomans: Political and Symbolic Stakes in the 16th and 17th Century-Maghrib.” Studia Islamica, no. 82 (1995): 103–12.
• El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Emecen, Feridun M. Osmanlı Klasik Çağında Hilafet ve Saltanat. İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları, 2020.
• Emi̇rali̇oğlu, Pınar. “Relocating the Center of the Universe: China and the Ottoman Imperial Project in the Sixteenth Century.” The Journal of Ottoman Studies 39, no. 39 (2012): 160–87.
• Emre, Side. “Anatomy of a Rebellion in Sixteenth-Century Egypt: A Case Study of Ahmed Pasha’s Governorship, Revolt, Sultanate, and Critique of the Ottoman Imperial Enterprise.” Osmanlı Araştırmaları 46 (2015): 77–129.
• Erbil, Arif. “Translation and the Growth of Juristic Discourse in Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Political Writing.” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Boğaziçi University, 2021.
• Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. Kayıp Halka: İslam-Türk Felsefe-Bilim Tarihinin Anlam Küresi. İstanbul: Papersense Yayınları, 2015.
• Felek, Özgen. Kitabu’l-Menamat- Sultan III. Murad’ın Rüya Mektupları. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2014.
• Ferguson, Heather L. “Ottomans, Ottomanists and the State: Re-Defining an Ethos of Power in the Long Sixteenth Century.” In Halcyon Days in Crete IX, Political Thought and Practice in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Marinos Sariyannis, 19–43. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2019.
• Ferguson, Heather L. The Proper Order of Things: Language, Power, and Law in Ottoman Administrative Discourses. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2018.
• Fleischer, Cornell H. “A Mediterranean Apocalypse: Prophecies of Empire in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 61, no. 1–2 (2018): 18–90.
• Fleischer, Cornell H. Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âli (1541-1600). Princeton University Press, 1986.
• Fleischer, Cornell H. “From Şeyhzade Korkud to Mustafa Ali: Cultural Origins the Ottoman Nasihatname.” In IIIrd Congress on the Social and Economic History of Turkey, Princeton University, edited by Heath W. Lowry and Ralph S. Hattox. İstanbul: Isis Press, 1983.
• Fleischer, Cornell H. “Mahdi and Millennium: Messianic Dimensions in the Development of Ottoman Imperial Ideology.” In The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilization, edited by Kemal Çiçek, 3:42–54. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2000.
• Fleischer, Cornell H. “Royal Authority, Dynastic Cyclism and ‘Ibn Khaldunism’ in Sixteenth Century Ottoman Letters.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 18, no. 3 (1983): 46–68.
• Fleischer, Cornell H. “The Lawgiver as Messiah: The Making of the Imperial Image in the Reign of Süleyman.” In Soliman Le Magnifique et Son Temps, edited by Gilles Veinstein, 159–77. Paris: Documentation Française, 1992.
• Flemming, Barbara H. “Der Gami’ül-Meknunat: Eine Quelle’Alis Aus Der Zeit Sultan Süleymans.” In Studien Zur Geschichte Und Kultur Des Vorderen Orients. Festschrift Für Bertold Spuler Zum 70. Geburtstag, edited by Hans Robert Roemer and Albrecht Noth. Leiden: Brill, 1981.
• Flemming, Barbara H. Essays on Turkish Literature and History. Essays on Turkish Literature and History. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
• Flemming, Barbara H. “Public Opinion under Sultan Süleymân.” In Süleymân The Second [Ie the First] and His Time, edited by Cemal Kafadar and Halil İnalcık, 49–58. İstanbul: Isis Press, 1993.
• Flemming, Barbara H. “Sahib-Kıran Und Mahdi: Türkische Endzeiterwartungen Im Ersten Jahrzehnt Der Regierung Süleymans.” In Between the Danube and the Caucasus, edited by György Kara. Bilkent University, 1987.
• Genç, Vural. Acem’den Rum’a Bir Bürokrat ve Tarihçi: İdris-i Bidlisi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2019.
• Gerber, Haim. State, Society, and Law in Islam: Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994.
• Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen. “Al-Mawardi’s Theory of Caliphate.” In Studies on the Civilization of Islam, 151–65. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.
• Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen. “Luṭfī Paşa on the Ottoman Caliphate.” Oriens 15 (1962): 287–95.
• Gökyay, Orhan Şaik. “Ideology and Literature during the Expansion of the Ottoman Empire.” In Süleymân the Second and His Time, edited by Halil Inalcik and Cemal Kafadar, 381–94. İstanbul: The Isis Press, 1993.
• Goldish, Matt, Richard H. Popkin, John Christian Laursen, James E. Force, and Karl A. Kottman, eds. Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern European Culture. 4 vols. The Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media, 2001.
• Green, Nile. Sufism: A Global History. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• Hankins, James. Virtue Politics: Soulcraft and Statecraft in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019.
• Hassan, Mona. Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press, 2018.
• Hathaway, Jane. The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule,1516-1800. New York: Routledge, 2008.
• Heyd, Uriel. Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law. Edited by V. L. Menage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
• Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times. Vol. 3. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
• Imber, Colin. Ebu’s-Su’ud : the Islamic legal tradition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997.
• Imber, Colin. “Frozen Legitimacy.” In Legitimizing the Order: The Ottoman Rhetoric of State Power, edited by Hakan T. Karatepe and Maurus Reinkwoski, 99–107. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
• Imber, Colin. “Ideals and Legitimation in Early Ottoman History.” In Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age, edited by Metin Kunt and Christine Woodhead, 138–54. London and New York: Longman, 1995.
• Imber, Colin. “The Ottoman Dynastic Myth.” Turcica 19 (1987): 7–27.
• İnalcık, Halil. “Comments on ‘Sultanism’: Max Weber’s Typification of the Ottoman Polity’.” Princeton Papers in Near Eastern Studies 1, no. 1 (1992): 49–72.
• İnalcık, Halil. “Kanun.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 2012.
• İnalcık, Halil. “Kanun and Shari’ah.” In Shariah, Ummah, and Khilafah: Lectures, edited by Yusuf Abbas Hashmi, 2–13. Karachi: Dr. Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi Chair, University of Karachi, 1987.
• İnalcık, Halil. “Osmanlı Padişahı.” Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 13 (1958): 68–80.
• İnalcık, Halil. Osmanlı Tarihinde İslamiyet ve Devlet. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2016.
• İnalcık, Halil. Şair ve Patron: Patrimonyal Devlet ve Sanat Üzerinde Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme. İstanbul: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2003.
• İnalcık, Halil. “State and Ideology under Sultan Süleyman I.” The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire, 1993, 70–76.
• İnalcık, Halil. “State, Sovereignty and Law During the Reign of Süleyman.” In Süleymân The Second [Ie the First] and His Time, edited by Cemal Kafadar and Halil İnalcık, 59–92. İstanbul: Isis Press, 1993.
• İnalcık, Halil. “Suleiman the Lawgiver and Ottoman Law.” Archivum Ottomanicum, no. 1 (1969): 105–38.
• İnalcık, Halil. The Ottoman Empire : The Classical Age 1300-1600. Translated by Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973.
• Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry. Pragmatism in Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2015.
• Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
• Kafadar, Cemal. “Between Amasya and Istanbul: Bayezid II, His Librarian, and the Textual Turnof the Late Fifteenth Century.” In Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4), 79–153. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
• Kafadar, Cemal. “Osmanlı Siyasal Düşüncesinin Kaynakları Üzerine Gözlemler.” In Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce, v. I: Cumhuriyet’e Devreden Düşünce Mirası: Tanzimatve Meşrutiyet’in Birikimi, edited by Mehmet Ö. Alkan. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001.
• Kafadar, Cemal. “The Myth of the Golden Age: Ottoman Historical Consciousness in the Post Süleymânic Era.” In Süleymân The Second [Ie the First] and His Time, edited by Cemal Kafadar and Halil İnalcık, 37–48. İstanbul: Isis Press, 1993.
• Kanatsız, Abdullah Vahdi. “Da’wah an-Nafs: Şehzade Korkud on Örf and Shari’a in the Ottoman Context.” M.A. Thesis, Sabancı University, 2013.
• Kavak, Özgür. “İslam Siyaset Düşüncesi Kaynağı Olarak Furû-ı Fıkıh Kitapları.” İn İslam Siyaset Düşüncesi Adil Devlet, Erdemli Şehir, Mükellef İnsan, edited by Lütfi Sunar and Özgür Kavak, 269–94. İstanbul: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2018.
• Kavak, Özgür. “Memlükler Dönemi Siyaset Düşüncesine Giriş: Ahkâm-ı Sultâniye Geleneğinin İhyasi ve Meşruiyet Problemini Aşma Çabaları.” İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi 10, no. 1 (2020): 181–228.
• Kaymakçı, Said Salih. “The Constitutional Limits of Military Reform: Ottoman Political Writing during the Times of Revolutionary Change (1592-1807).” Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2020.
• Köksal, Asım Cüneyd. Fıkıh ve Siyaset: Osmanlılarda Siyaset-i Şer’iyye. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2016.
• Koncu, Hanife. “Bursalı Mehmed Tahir.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
• Kopuz, Kasım. “Reproduction of the Ottoman Legal Knowledge: The Case of Ibrahim al-Halabi’s Multaqa al-Abhur and Defining the Concept of Baghy in Commentarial Writings on It (16th to 18th Centuries).” Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Binghamton University, 2019.
• Krstić, Tijana. Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2011.
• Krstić, Tijana. “From Shahāda to ’Aqīda: Conversion to Islam, Catechisation and Sunnitisation in Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Rumeli.” In Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History, edited by Andrew C. S. Peacock, 296–314. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017.
• Krstić, Tijana. “Illuminated by the Light of Islam and the Glory of the Ottoman Sultanate: Self-Narratives of Conversion to Islam in the Age of Confessionalization.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51, no. 1 (2009): 35–63.
• Krstić, Tijana. “State and Religion, ‘Sunnitization’ and ‘Confessionalism’ in Süleyman’s Time.” In The Battle for Central Europe: The Siege of Szigetvár and the Death of Süleyman the Magnificent and Nicholas Zrínyi (1566), edited by Pál Fodor, 65–91. Brill, 2019.
• Krstić, Tijana, and Derin Terzioğlu, eds. Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450-c. 1750. Leiden: Brill, 2020.
• Kunt, Metin. “Ottoman Political Theory, Reality and Practice.” In Halcyon Days in Crete IX, Political Thought and Practice in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Marinos Sariyannis, 3–7. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2019.
• Kunt, Metin. The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550-1650. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
• Lambton, Ann K. S. “Islamic Political Thought.” In The Legacy of Islam, edited by Joseph Schacht and Clifford Edmund Bosworth, 404–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
• Lambton, Ann K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory : The Jurists. Oxford University Press, 1981.
• Levend, Agâh Sırrı. “Siyaset-nameler.” Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten 10 (1963): 167–94.
• Levend, Agâh Sırrı. “Ümmet Çağında Ahlâk Kitaplarımız.” Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten 11 (1964): 89–115.
• Lotz-Heumann, Ute. “The Concept of ‘Confessionalization’: A Historiographical Paradigm in Dispute.” Memoria y Civilizacion, 2001, 93–114.
• Markiewicz, Christopher. The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
• Masters, Bruce. The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Melvin‐Koushki, Matthew. “Early Modern Islamicate Empire.” In The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam, edited by Armando Salvatore, Roberto Tottoli, Babak Rahimi, M. Fariduddin Attar, and Naznin Patel, 351–75. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018.
• Meshal, Reem A. Sharia and the Making of the Modern Egyptian: Islamic Law and Custom in the Courts of Ottoman Cairo. American University in Cairo Press, 2014.
• Moin, A. Azfar. The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam. Columbia University Press, 2012.
• Necipoğlu, Gülru. “A Kânûn for the State, a Canon for the Arts: Conceptualizing the Classical Synthesis of Ottoman Arts and Architecture.” In Soliman Le Magnifique et Son Temps, edited by Gilles Veinstein, 195–216. Paris: Documentation Française, 1992.
• Necipoğlu, Gülru. Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapı Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
• Necipoğlu, Gülru. “Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry.” The Art Bulletin 71, no. 3 (1989): 401–27.
• Nur, Ahmet Tahir. “Politics in a Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Scholar’s Worldview: Taşköprizade Ahmed’s (d. 968/1561) Discourse on Rulership.” M.A. Thesis, Boğaziçi University, 2015.
• Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Zındıklar ve Mülhidler. 5th ed. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2014.
• Pagden, Anthony, ed. The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe. Ideas in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Peters, Rudolph. “What Does It Mean to Be an Official Madhhab? Hanafism and the Ottoman Empire.” In The Islamic School of Law: Evolution, Devolution, and Progress, 147–58. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.
• Pfeifer, Helen. “Encounter after the Conquest: Scholarly Gatherings in 16th-Century Ottoman Damascus.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 2 (2015): 219–39.
• Pocock, J. G. A. Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
• Reeves, Marjorie. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in Joachimism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
• Repp, Richard Cooper. “Qanun and Sharia in the Ottoman Context.” In Islamic Law: Social and Historical Contexts, edited by Aziz Al-Azmeh. London ; New York: Routledge, 1988.
• Repp, Richard Cooper. The Mufti of Istanbul: A Study in the Development of the Ottoman Learned Hierarchy. London: Ithaca, 1986.
• Rosenthal, Erwin Isak Jakob. Political Thought in Medieval Islam: An Introductory Outline. Cambridge University Press, 1958.
• Saçmalı, Muhammet Habib. “Sunni-Shiite Political Relations in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century and Early Modern Ottoman Universal Caliphate.” Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of California, Davis, 2021.
• Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Sariyannis, Marinos. A History of Ottoman Political Thought Up to the Early Nineteenth Century. Brill, 2018.
• Sariyannis, Marinos. “Ottoman Critics of Society and State, Fifteenth to Early Eighteenth Centuries: Toward a Corpus for the Study of Ottoman Political Thought.” Archivum Ottomanicum 25, no. 2008 (2008): 127–50.
• Sariyannis, Marinos. “Ottoman Ideas on Monarchy Before the Tanzimat Reforms: Toward a Conceptual History of Ottoman Political Notions.” Turcica 47 (2016): 33–72.
• Sariyannis, Marinos. “Ruler and State, State and Society in Ottoman Political Thought.” Turkish Historical Review 4, no. 1 (2013): 83–117.
• Sariyannis, Marinos. “The Princely Virtues as Presented in Ottoman Political and Moral Literature.” Turcica 43 (2011): 121–44.
• Şen, Ahmet Tunç. “Astrology in the Service of the Empire: Knowledge, Prognostication, and Politics at the Ottoman Court, 1450s-1550s.” Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 2016.
• Şentürk, Ahmet Atilla. Şehzade Mustafa Mersiyesi Taşlıcalı Yahya Beğ’in Yahut Kanuni Hicviyesi. İstanbul: Büyüyenay Yayınları, 2015.
• Skinner, Quentin. “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas.” History and Theory 8, no. 1 (1969): 3–53.
• Sönmez, Ebru. İdris-i Bidlisi: Ottoman Kurdistan and Islamic Legitimacy. İstanbul: Libra Kitap, 2012.
• Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Connected Histories: Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia.” Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 3 (1997): 735–62.
• Terzioğlu, Derin. “Bir Tercüme ve Bir İntihal Vakası: Ya Da İbn Teymiyye ‘nin Siyâsetü ‘ş-Şeriyye ‘sini Osmanlıcaya Kim(ler) Nasıl Aktardı.” Journal of Turkish Studies: Türklük Bilgisi Araştırmaları 31, no. 2 (2007): 247–75.
• Terzioğlu, Derin. “How to Conceptualize Ottoman Sunnitization: A Historiographical Discussion.” Turcica 44 (2013 2012): 301–38.
• Terzioğlu, Derin. “Ibn Taymiyya, al-Siyāsa al-Shar‘iyya and the Early Modern Ottomans.” In Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450-c. 1750, edited by Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu, 101–54. Leiden: Brill, 2020.
• Terzioğlu, Derin. “Power, Patronage and Confessionalism: Ottoman Politics as Seen through the Eyes of a Crimean Sufi, 1580-1593.” In Halcyon Days in Crete IX, Political Thought and Practice in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Marinos Sariyannis, 149–86. Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2019.
• Terzioğlu, Derin. “Sufis in the Age of State-Building and Confessionalization.” In The Ottoman World, 86–99. London: Routledge, 2012.
• Terzioğlu, Derin. “Where ʻİlm-i Ḥāl Meets Catechism: Islamic Manuals of Religious Instruction in the Ottoman Empire in the Age of Confessionalization.” Past & Present 220, no. 1 (2013): 79–114.
• Tezcan, Baki. “The Definition of Sultanic Legitimacy in the Sixteenth Century Ottoman Empire: The Ahlâk-i Alâ’î of Kinalizâde Alî C̦elebi (1510-1572).” PhD Thesis, Princeton University, 1996.
• Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Uğur, Ahmet. Osmanlı Siyaset-Nameleri. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, 2001.
• Vogelsang, Kai. “Conceptual History: A Short Introduction.” Oriens Extremus 51 (2012): 9–24.
• Weinstein, Donald. Savonarola and Florence: Prophecy and Patriotism in the Renaissance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
• Winter, Michael. “Egypt and Syria in the Sixteenth Century.” In The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bilād al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century, edited by Stephan Conermann and Gül Şen, 33–56. Ottoman Studies / Osmanistische Studien. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2016.
• Winter, Michael. Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798. London: Routledge, 1992.
• Winter, Michael. Society and Religion in Early Ottoman Egypt: Studies in the Writings of ’Abd Al-Wahhab Al-Sha’rani. Routledge, 2017.
• Yılmaz, Coşkun. “Osmanlı Siyaset Düşüncesi Kaynakları Ile İlgili Yeni Bir Kavramsallaştırma: Islahatnâmeler.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, no. 2 (2003): 299–338.
• Yılmaz, Hüseyin. Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought. Princeton University Press, 2018.
• Yılmaz, Hüseyin. “Mevlânâ Osmanlı Sarayında: Mahmud Dede’nin Sevâkıbu’l-Menakıb’ında Siyasi İmgeler.” In Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf, 735–43. İstanbul: İSAR Yayınları, 2018.
• Yılmaz, Hüseyin. “Osmanlı Devletinde Batılılaşma Öncesi Meşrutiyetçi Gelişmeler.” Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, no. 24 (2008): 1–30.
• Yılmaz, Hüseyin. “Osmanlı Tarihçiliğinde Tanzimat Öncesi Siyaset Düşüncesine Yaklaşımlar.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, no. 2 (2003): 231–98.
• Yılmaz, Hüseyin. “The Sultan and the Sultanate: Envisioning Rulership in the Age of Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566).” PhD Thesis, Harvard University, 2005.
• Yılmaz, Şakir. “Gazzâlî ve Osmanlı Siyaseti: Nasîhatü’l-Mülûk’ün Kanûnî Devrinde Gerçekleşen Tercümeleri.” In Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman ve Dönemi : Yeni Kaynaklar, Yeni Yaklaşımlar, edited by M. Fatih Çalışır, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Şakir Yılmaz, 189–213. İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020.