Cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: OECD örneği

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma OECD ülkelerinde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Kadınların eğitime erişimi, işgücü piyasasına katılımı ve siyasi temsiline odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca kırsal kesimdeki kadınların eğitim ve istihdamının tarımsal büyüme ile ilişkisini de incelemektedir. Tasarım/Metodoloji/Yaklaşım: Analiz, 1990-2021 yılları arasında 38 OECD ülkesini kapsayan dengeli bir panel veri seti kullanmaktadır. Dinamik panel veri modelleri, endojenlik ve otokorelasyon gibi konuları ele alan iki aşamalı Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Yöntemi (GMM) kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir. Kişi başına GSYH, ayrıştırılmış cinsiyet göstergeleri ve tarımsal çıktıyı incelemek için üç model geliştirilmiştir. Modelin geçerliliği, alternatif spesifikasyonlar ve sabit etkiler yoluyla test edilmiştir. Bulgular: Sonuçlar, eğitim ve siyasi temsilde toplumsal cinsiyet farklılıklarının azaltılmasının kişi başına GSYH ile pozitif ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle kadınlar arasında ortaöğretimin hem doğrudan hem de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkileri vardır. Tarım odaklı modelde, kırsal kesimdeki kadınların istihdamı ve eğitimi, tarımsal katma değerdeki artışlarla güçlü bir şekilde bağlantılıdır. Bu bulgular, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin genel ve sektörel ekonomik performansa katkıda bulunduğu fikrini desteklemektedir. Özgünlük/Değer: Bu araştırma, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğine sadece sosyal bir mesele olarak değil, aynı zamanda üretkenlikle bağlantılı ekonomik bir faktör olarak da yaklaşmaktadır. OECD ülkelerinin karşılaştırmalı bir analizini sunarak, mevcut literatüre ampirik olarak katkıda bulunmaktadır. Kadınların eğitime, istihdama ve siyasi hayata eşit erişiminin makroekonomik sonuçlarını vurgulamaktadır. Başta tarım olmak üzere sektöre özgü görüşlerin de dahil edilmesi analize farklı bir bakış açısı katmaktadır.

Keywords

• Dinamik panel veri
• ekonomik büyüme
• eğitim
• cinsiyet eşitsizliği
• işgücü

Gender inequality and economic growth: An analysis of OECD countries

Abstract

Purpose: This study explores the relationship between gender inequality and economic growth in OECD countries. It focuses on female access to education, labor market participation, and political representation. The study also examines how rural women’s education and employment relate to agricultural growth. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis uses a panel dataset covering 38 OECD countries from 1990 to 2021. Dynamic panel data models are estimated using the two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), addressing issues such as endogeneity and autocorrelation. Three models are developed to examine aggregate GDP, disaggregated gender indicators, and agricultural value added. Robustness is tested through alternative specifications and fixed effects. Finding: The results show that reducing gender gaps in education and political representation is positively associated with GDP per capita. Secondary education among women, in particular, has both direct and statistically significant effects. In agriculture-focused models, the employment and education of rural women are strongly linked to increases in agricultural value added. These findings support the idea that gender equality contributes to overall and sectoral economic performance. Originality/Value: This research approaches gender inequality not only as a social issue but also as an economic factor linked to economic growth. By offering a comparative analysis of OECD countries, it contributes empirically to the existing literature. It emphasizes the macroeconomic outcomes of women's equal access to education, employment, and political life. The inclusion of sector-specific insights, particularly in agriculture, adds a distinct perspective to the analysis.

Keywords

• Dynamic panel data
• economic growth
• education
• gender inequality
• labor

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