Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) ve Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) ekstraktlarının klasik ve nano formülasyonlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) ve Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’ye etkilerinin belirlenmesi
Yıl 2020,
, 237 - 251, 15.12.2020
Hasan Balcı
,
Firdevs Ersin
,
Enver Durmuşoğlu
Öz
Sentetik kimyasal insektisitlerin neden olduğu sorunların minimize edilmesi amacıyla bitkisel kökenli insektisitler günümüzde yeniden alternatif olarak anlam kazanmışlardır. Standardizasyon ve etki süresi sorunlarının iyileştirilmesi için yeni formülasyonları geliştirilen bitkisel kökenli insektisitlerin hem hedef hem de hedef dışı doğal düşmanlara etkisinin belirlenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (neem ağacı) ve Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) (çay ağacı) ekstraktlarının klasik ve nano formülasyonlu preparatlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) ve Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’ye etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, eşit miktarda biyoaktif içeren preparatlardan neem ekstraktı içerenlerin çay ağacı ekstraktı içerenlere göre T. urticae üzerinde genelde daha etkili oldukları, her iki bitkisel kökenli preparatın nano formülasyonlarının da klasik formülasyonlarından hem biyolojik etkinlik hem de etki süresi açısından genelde daha etkili oldukları belirlenmiştir. Yan etki çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kullanılan tüm preparatların A. swirskii’ye karşı yan etki değerlerinin zararlı sınıfında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu
Proje Numarası
2015-ZRF-040
Teşekkür
Çalışmayı 2015-ZRF-040 no’lu proje kapsamında destekleyen Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu’na, denemelerde kullanılan preparatların temini için Prof. Dr. Errol HASSAN (School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia) ve Alan TOMEY (BioAust Health Pty. Ltd. Şirketi, Queensland, Australia)’e, avcı akar üretimi çalışmalarında, başlangıç populasyonu olarak alınan, avcı böceğin teminini sağlayan Koppert Biyolojik Mücadele ve Polinasyon Sistemleri Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd. Sti. (Antalya)’ne teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Abbott W. S. 1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
- Alinejad M., K. Kheradmand & Y. Fathipour 2014.Sublethal effects of fenazaquin on life table parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 64: 361–373.
- Anjali C.H., Y. Sharma, A. Mukherjee & N. Chandrasekaran 2011. Neem oil (Azadirachta indica) nanoemulsion a potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus. Pest Management Science, 68 (2): 158-163.
- Arnó J., R. Sorribas, M. Prat, M. Matas, C. Pozo, D. Rodríguez, A. Garreta, A. Gomez & R. Gabarra 2009. Tuta absoluta, a new pest in IPM tomatoes in the Northeast of Spain. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 49:203-208.
- Ay R., E. Sökeli, İ. Karaca & M.O. Gürkan 2005. Response to some acaricides of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetrychus urticae Koch) from protected vegetables in Isparta. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 29: 165-171.
- Ay R. 2005. Determination of susceptibility and resistance of some greenhouse populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch to chlorpyrifos Dursban 4 by the petri dish potter tower method. Journal of Pest Science, 78: 139-143.
- Balcı H. 2016. Klasik ve nano formülasyonlu bazı bitkisel kökenli insektisitlerin Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) ve Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi.Doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, İzmir, 86 s.
- Bhagawan C.N., K.D. Reddy & K. Sukumar 1992. Annona-induced growth anomalies and protein depletion in red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 30: 908-912.
- Bielza P., E. Fernandez, C. Gravalos & J. Izquierdo 2009. Testing for non-target effects of spiromesifen on Eretmocerus mundus and Orius laevigatus under greenhouse condition. BioControl, 54: 229-236.
- Carvalho S.S., J.D. Vendramim, R.M. Pitta & M.R. Forim 2012. Efficiency of neem oil nanoformulations to Bemisia tabaci (GENN.) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 33 (1):193-202.
- Costa J.T., M.R. Forim, E.S. Costa, J.R. De Souza, J.M. Mondego & A.L. Boiça Junior 2014. Effects of different formulations of neem oil-based products on control Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on beans. Journal of Stored Products Research, 56: 49-53.
- Davidson E.W., F.E. Farmer & W.A. Jones 2002. Artificially-reared whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) as host for parasitic wasps. Florida Entomologist, 85: 474-480.
- Durmuşoğlu E., A. Hatipoğlu & H. Balcı 2011. Bazı bitkisel kökenli insektisitlerin laboratuvar koşullarında Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvalarına etkileri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 35 (4): 651-663.
- Durmuşoğlu E., Y. Karsavuran, İ. Özgen & A. Güncan 2003. Effects of two different neem products on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Anzeiger fur Schandlingskunde, 76 (6): 151-154.
- Ferreira F.T.R., J.D. Vendramim & M.R. Forim 2012. Bioatividade de nanoformulações de nim sobre a traça-do-tomateiro. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 42 (8): 1347-1353.
- Forim M.R., E.S. Costa, M.F.G.F Da Silva, J.B. Fernandes, J.M. Mondego, & A.L. Boiça Junior 2013, Development of a new method to prepare nano-/microparticles loaded with extracts of Azadirachta indica, their characterization and use in controlling Plutella xylostella. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61: 9131-9139.
- Gao R., M. Chen, W. Li, S. Zhou & L. Wu 2013. Facile fabrication and some specificproperties of polymeric/inorganic bilayer hybrid hollow spheres. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6 (1): 2183-2191.
- Giongo A.M.M. J.D. Vendramim & M.R. Forim, 2016. Evaluation of neem-based nanoformulations as alternative to control fall armyworm. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 40 (1): 26-36.
- Isman M.B. 1997. Neem and other botanical insecticides: barriers to commercialization. Phytoparasitica, 25 (4): 339- 344.
- Karacaoğlu M., F. Yarpuzlu, M. Tüfekli, M. Portakaldalı & H. Kütük 2013. Turuncgil Bahçelerinde Kullanılacak Bazı İnsektisitlerin Chilocorus bipustulatus, Anagyrus pseudococci ve Amblyseius swirskii’ye Karşı Yan Etkileri 113-129, I. Bitki Koruma Ürünleri ve Makineleri Kongresi (2-4 Nisan 2013, Antalya), Bildiriler Kitabı, 486s.
- Karakaş M. 2018. Önemli bazı bitkisel insektisitler. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 11 (2): 32-37.
- Kasap İ., Ş. Kök & E. Hassan 2016. Effect of fungatol and gamma-t-ol from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel on Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 40 (2): 117-123.
- Leatemia J.A. & M.B. Isman 2004. Insecticidal activity of crude seed extracts of Annona spp., Lansium domesticum and Sandoricum koetjape against lepidopteran larvae. Phytoparasitica, 32 (1): 30-37.
- Lee H.S. & D.R. Gillespie 2011. Life tables and development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53: 17-27.
- Nadimi A., K. Kamali, M. Arbabi & F. Abdoli 2008. Side effects of three acaricides on the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3 (2): 556-567.
- Oliveira M.R.V., T.J. Henneberry, P. Anderson 2001. Host, current status, and collaborative research projects for Bemisia tabaci. Crop Protection, 20: 709-723.
- Öztemiz S. 2012. Domates güvesi [(Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] ve biyolojik mücadelesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 15 (4): 47-57.
- Pavela R. 2009. Effectiveness of some botanical insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctudiae), Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Plant Protection Science, 45 (4): 161-167.
- Potting R., D.J. van der Gaag, A. Loomans, M. van der Straten, H. Anderson, A. MacLeod, J.M.G. Castrillón & G.V. Cambra 2009. Tuta absoluta, Tomato Leaf Miner Moth or South American Tomato Moth. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature & Food Quality (LVN) Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands. PRA, 28 pp.
- Rao N.S., K. Sharma & R.K. Sharma 2005. Anti-feedant and growth inhibitory effects of seed extracts of custard apple, Annona squamosa against khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 1 (1): 43-54.
- Salman S.Y., E. Tekel, Ö. Uysal & R. Ay 2013. Bazı pestisitlerin avci akar Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’e laboratuar koşullarinda yan etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1):19-27.
- Schmutterer H. 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annual Review of Entomology, 35: 271-297.
- Siqueira H.A.A., R.N.C. Guedes & M.C. Picanço 2000. Insecticide Resistance in Populations of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2 (2):147-153.
- Stansly A.P., J. Calvo & A. Urbaneja 2005. Release rates for control Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype “Q” with Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in greenhouse tomato and paper. Biological Control, 35: 124-133.
- Stumpf N. & R. Nauen 2001. Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemistry of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitör-acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94 (6): 1577-1583.
- TAGEM 2015. Pestisitlerin faydalı organizmalara standart yan etki deneme metotları, 42 s. (URL:https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/tagem/belgeler/yayin/14.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2020)
- Van Deventer P. 2009. Leafminer threatens tomato growing in europe. Fruits and Vegetable Technologies, 9 (2): 10-12.
- Whalon M.E., D. Mota-Sanchez & R.M. Hollingworth 2012. Global arthropod pesticide resistance reporting. IPM Symposium. (URL: http://www.ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium12/20-1_Whalon.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2020).
- Yang F.L., X.G. Li, F. Zhu & C.L. Lei 2009. Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil and their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57: 10156-10162.
- Yiğit A., R. Canhilal & U. Ekmekci 2003. Seasonal population fluactuations of Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predatory of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Turkey’s eastern mediterranean citrus groves. Environmental Entomology, 32 (5):1105 -1114.
A determination of the effects of classical and nano-formulations of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) extracts on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Yıl 2020,
, 237 - 251, 15.12.2020
Hasan Balcı
,
Firdevs Ersin
,
Enver Durmuşoğlu
Öz
In order to minimize the problems caused by synthetic chemical insecticides, the use of plant-based insecticides has become increasingly useful as an alternative. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of new formulations of two plant-based insecticides (developed to improve efficacy and duration of activity) on both the target pest and a non-target natural enemy. Specifically, this research investigated the use of classical and nano-formulated preparations of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (neem tree) and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) (tea tree) extracts against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). In addition, the side effects of these formulations against the natural enemy, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), were investigated. The neem formulations were generally more effective against T. urticae than the tea tree formulations, which all contained equal amounts of bioactive ingredients. In general, the nano-formulations of both plant-based formulations were more effective than the classical formulations in terms of their biological efficacy and duration of activity. Separately, all of the plant-based insecticide formulations used in this research were in the toxic category for the natural enemy, A. swirskii.
Proje Numarası
2015-ZRF-040
Kaynakça
- Abbott W. S. 1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
- Alinejad M., K. Kheradmand & Y. Fathipour 2014.Sublethal effects of fenazaquin on life table parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 64: 361–373.
- Anjali C.H., Y. Sharma, A. Mukherjee & N. Chandrasekaran 2011. Neem oil (Azadirachta indica) nanoemulsion a potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus. Pest Management Science, 68 (2): 158-163.
- Arnó J., R. Sorribas, M. Prat, M. Matas, C. Pozo, D. Rodríguez, A. Garreta, A. Gomez & R. Gabarra 2009. Tuta absoluta, a new pest in IPM tomatoes in the Northeast of Spain. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 49:203-208.
- Ay R., E. Sökeli, İ. Karaca & M.O. Gürkan 2005. Response to some acaricides of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetrychus urticae Koch) from protected vegetables in Isparta. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 29: 165-171.
- Ay R. 2005. Determination of susceptibility and resistance of some greenhouse populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch to chlorpyrifos Dursban 4 by the petri dish potter tower method. Journal of Pest Science, 78: 139-143.
- Balcı H. 2016. Klasik ve nano formülasyonlu bazı bitkisel kökenli insektisitlerin Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) ve Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi.Doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova, İzmir, 86 s.
- Bhagawan C.N., K.D. Reddy & K. Sukumar 1992. Annona-induced growth anomalies and protein depletion in red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 30: 908-912.
- Bielza P., E. Fernandez, C. Gravalos & J. Izquierdo 2009. Testing for non-target effects of spiromesifen on Eretmocerus mundus and Orius laevigatus under greenhouse condition. BioControl, 54: 229-236.
- Carvalho S.S., J.D. Vendramim, R.M. Pitta & M.R. Forim 2012. Efficiency of neem oil nanoformulations to Bemisia tabaci (GENN.) Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 33 (1):193-202.
- Costa J.T., M.R. Forim, E.S. Costa, J.R. De Souza, J.M. Mondego & A.L. Boiça Junior 2014. Effects of different formulations of neem oil-based products on control Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on beans. Journal of Stored Products Research, 56: 49-53.
- Davidson E.W., F.E. Farmer & W.A. Jones 2002. Artificially-reared whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) as host for parasitic wasps. Florida Entomologist, 85: 474-480.
- Durmuşoğlu E., A. Hatipoğlu & H. Balcı 2011. Bazı bitkisel kökenli insektisitlerin laboratuvar koşullarında Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvalarına etkileri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 35 (4): 651-663.
- Durmuşoğlu E., Y. Karsavuran, İ. Özgen & A. Güncan 2003. Effects of two different neem products on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Anzeiger fur Schandlingskunde, 76 (6): 151-154.
- Ferreira F.T.R., J.D. Vendramim & M.R. Forim 2012. Bioatividade de nanoformulações de nim sobre a traça-do-tomateiro. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 42 (8): 1347-1353.
- Forim M.R., E.S. Costa, M.F.G.F Da Silva, J.B. Fernandes, J.M. Mondego, & A.L. Boiça Junior 2013, Development of a new method to prepare nano-/microparticles loaded with extracts of Azadirachta indica, their characterization and use in controlling Plutella xylostella. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61: 9131-9139.
- Gao R., M. Chen, W. Li, S. Zhou & L. Wu 2013. Facile fabrication and some specificproperties of polymeric/inorganic bilayer hybrid hollow spheres. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6 (1): 2183-2191.
- Giongo A.M.M. J.D. Vendramim & M.R. Forim, 2016. Evaluation of neem-based nanoformulations as alternative to control fall armyworm. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 40 (1): 26-36.
- Isman M.B. 1997. Neem and other botanical insecticides: barriers to commercialization. Phytoparasitica, 25 (4): 339- 344.
- Karacaoğlu M., F. Yarpuzlu, M. Tüfekli, M. Portakaldalı & H. Kütük 2013. Turuncgil Bahçelerinde Kullanılacak Bazı İnsektisitlerin Chilocorus bipustulatus, Anagyrus pseudococci ve Amblyseius swirskii’ye Karşı Yan Etkileri 113-129, I. Bitki Koruma Ürünleri ve Makineleri Kongresi (2-4 Nisan 2013, Antalya), Bildiriler Kitabı, 486s.
- Karakaş M. 2018. Önemli bazı bitkisel insektisitler. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 11 (2): 32-37.
- Kasap İ., Ş. Kök & E. Hassan 2016. Effect of fungatol and gamma-t-ol from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel on Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 40 (2): 117-123.
- Leatemia J.A. & M.B. Isman 2004. Insecticidal activity of crude seed extracts of Annona spp., Lansium domesticum and Sandoricum koetjape against lepidopteran larvae. Phytoparasitica, 32 (1): 30-37.
- Lee H.S. & D.R. Gillespie 2011. Life tables and development of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different temperatures. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 53: 17-27.
- Nadimi A., K. Kamali, M. Arbabi & F. Abdoli 2008. Side effects of three acaricides on the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3 (2): 556-567.
- Oliveira M.R.V., T.J. Henneberry, P. Anderson 2001. Host, current status, and collaborative research projects for Bemisia tabaci. Crop Protection, 20: 709-723.
- Öztemiz S. 2012. Domates güvesi [(Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] ve biyolojik mücadelesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 15 (4): 47-57.
- Pavela R. 2009. Effectiveness of some botanical insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctudiae), Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Plant Protection Science, 45 (4): 161-167.
- Potting R., D.J. van der Gaag, A. Loomans, M. van der Straten, H. Anderson, A. MacLeod, J.M.G. Castrillón & G.V. Cambra 2009. Tuta absoluta, Tomato Leaf Miner Moth or South American Tomato Moth. Ministry of Agriculture, Nature & Food Quality (LVN) Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands. PRA, 28 pp.
- Rao N.S., K. Sharma & R.K. Sharma 2005. Anti-feedant and growth inhibitory effects of seed extracts of custard apple, Annona squamosa against khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 1 (1): 43-54.
- Salman S.Y., E. Tekel, Ö. Uysal & R. Ay 2013. Bazı pestisitlerin avci akar Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’e laboratuar koşullarinda yan etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1):19-27.
- Schmutterer H. 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annual Review of Entomology, 35: 271-297.
- Siqueira H.A.A., R.N.C. Guedes & M.C. Picanço 2000. Insecticide Resistance in Populations of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2 (2):147-153.
- Stansly A.P., J. Calvo & A. Urbaneja 2005. Release rates for control Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype “Q” with Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in greenhouse tomato and paper. Biological Control, 35: 124-133.
- Stumpf N. & R. Nauen 2001. Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemistry of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitör-acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94 (6): 1577-1583.
- TAGEM 2015. Pestisitlerin faydalı organizmalara standart yan etki deneme metotları, 42 s. (URL:https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/tagem/belgeler/yayin/14.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2020)
- Van Deventer P. 2009. Leafminer threatens tomato growing in europe. Fruits and Vegetable Technologies, 9 (2): 10-12.
- Whalon M.E., D. Mota-Sanchez & R.M. Hollingworth 2012. Global arthropod pesticide resistance reporting. IPM Symposium. (URL: http://www.ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium12/20-1_Whalon.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2020).
- Yang F.L., X.G. Li, F. Zhu & C.L. Lei 2009. Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil and their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57: 10156-10162.
- Yiğit A., R. Canhilal & U. Ekmekci 2003. Seasonal population fluactuations of Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predatory of citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Turkey’s eastern mediterranean citrus groves. Environmental Entomology, 32 (5):1105 -1114.