A determination of the effects of classical and nano-formulations of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) extracts on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Öz

In order to minimize the problems caused by synthetic chemical insecticides, the use of plant-based insecticides has become increasingly useful as an alternative. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of new formulations of two plant-based insecticides (developed to improve efficacy and duration of activity) on both the target pest and a non-target natural enemy. Specifically, this research investigated the use of classical and nano-formulated preparations of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (neem tree) and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) (tea tree) extracts against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). In addition, the side effects of these formulations against the natural enemy, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), were investigated. The neem formulations were generally more effective against T. urticae than the tea tree formulations, which all contained equal amounts of bioactive ingredients. In general, the nano-formulations of both plant-based formulations were more effective than the classical formulations in terms of their biological efficacy and duration of activity. Separately, all of the plant-based insecticide formulations used in this research were in the toxic category for the natural enemy, A. swirskii.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neem
• tea tree
• plant-based insecticide
• nano formulation
• side effect

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) ve Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) ekstraktlarının klasik ve nano formülasyonlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) ve Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’ye etkilerinin belirlenmesi

Öz

Sentetik kimyasal insektisitlerin neden olduğu sorunların minimize edilmesi amacıyla bitkisel kökenli insektisitler günümüzde yeniden alternatif olarak anlam kazanmışlardır. Standardizasyon ve etki süresi sorunlarının iyileştirilmesi için yeni formülasyonları geliştirilen bitkisel kökenli insektisitlerin hem hedef hem de hedef dışı doğal düşmanlara etkisinin belirlenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (neem ağacı) ve Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) (çay ağacı) ekstraktlarının klasik ve nano formülasyonlu preparatlarının Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) ve Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)’ye etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, eşit miktarda biyoaktif içeren preparatlardan neem ekstraktı içerenlerin çay ağacı ekstraktı içerenlere göre T. urticae üzerinde genelde daha etkili oldukları, her iki bitkisel kökenli preparatın nano formülasyonlarının da klasik formülasyonlarından hem biyolojik etkinlik hem de etki süresi açısından genelde daha etkili oldukları belirlenmiştir. Yan etki çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kullanılan tüm preparatların A. swirskii’ye karşı yan etki değerlerinin zararlı sınıfında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Azadirachta indica
• Melaleuca alternifolia
• Amblyseius swirskii
• Tetranychus urticae
• nano formülasyon

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