Jeotermal Sistemlerde Tetiklenmiş Deprem: Örnek Vakalar ve Risk Azaltma Yaklaşımları Üzerine Bir Derleme

Abstract

Sıfır Karbon ayak izi yolunda değerli bir enerji kaynağı olan jeotermal enerji üretimi sırasında meydana gelen insan kaynaklı depremler, yatırımları etkileyen önemli unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada hidrotermal, volkanik ve geliştirilmiş jeotermal sistemler gibi farklı jeotermal sistemlerde meydana gelen depremler üzerine yürütülmüş çalışmalar detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada jeotermal elektrik santrallerindeki enjeksiyon, reenjeksiyon, basınç, sıcaklık, debi gibi parametrelerin tetiklenmiş depremleri nasıl etkilediği, bu süreçlerin yönetilmesi için kullanılan trafik ışığı sistemi, gerilme analizleri ve sismik tehlike analizleri gibi dinamik risk yönetim sistemleri üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar derlenerek incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemelerde dünyanın farklı bölgelerindeki deneyimler ile deprem etkinliğinin sahaya özel izlenmesi, şeffaf veri paylaşımı ve halkın bilinçlendirilmesinin risk yönetiminin birer parçası haline geldiği görülmektedir. Bunun yanısıra tetiklenmiş depremlerin izlenmesi ile sahaya özel derin üç boyutlu P- ve S- hız yapısı kullanılarak Vp/Vs karakterinin ortaya çıkarılabilmesi akışkan göçü ile yeni potansiyel kaynak yerleri için alan daraltma yapılabilmektedir. Ayrıca zamana bağlı dört boyutlu tomografik hesaplamalar ile rezervuarın görüntülenebilmesi, kuyu tükenmesi ve yönetimi açısından bir diğer önemli çıktıdır. Tüm bu analizlerin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için jeotermal sahalarda elektrik üretimi yapan tesislerin geçici ya da kalıcı sismik istasyonlar ile oluşturulmuş Jeoelektrik Sismik Ağlar (JESA) ile izlenmesi yasal düzenlemeler ile standart hale getirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Tetiklenmiş deprem
• Jeotermal
• İnsan kaynaklı deprem
• Jeotermal elektrik santral
• JeoElektrik Sismik Ağlar (JESA)

Triggered Earthquakes in Geothermal Systems: A Review of Case Studies and Risk Mitigation Approaches

Abstract

Anthropogenic earthquakes during geothermal energy production, a valuable energy source on the path to a zero-carbon footprint, are among the key factors affecting investments. In this study, previous studies conducted on earthquakes occurring in different types of geothermal systems, such as hydrothermal, volcanic and enhanced geothermal systems were comprehensively reviewed and discussed in detail. The study examines how parameters such as injection, reinjection, pressure, temperature, and flow rate in geothermal energy production facilities affect triggered earthquakes, as well as studies on dynamic risk management systems such as traffic light systems, stress analyses, and seismic hazard analyses used to manage these processes. The review indicates that experiences from different regions around the world show that site-specific monitoring of seismic activity, transparent data sharing, and public awareness have become integral components of risk management. In addition, monitoring of triggered earthquakes enables the identification of the deep three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity structures and the Vp/Vs characteristics of the site, allowing for narrowing down potential areas of new fluid migration and resource accumulation. Furthermore, imaging the reservoir with time-dependent four-dimensional tomographic calculations is another important outcome for well depletion and reservoir management. In order to perform all these analyses, it is recommended that geothermal power plants be monitored through Geoelectrical Seismic Networks (JESA), consisting of temporary or permanent seismic stations, and that such monitoring be standardized and regulated by legal frameworks.

Keywords

• Triggered earthquake
• Geothermal
• Anthropogenic earthquake
• Geothermal power plant
• Geoelectrical Seismic Networks (JESA)

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