Research Article

Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging

Volume: 15 Number: 2 July 1, 2026
TR EN

Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging

Abstract

This study investigates the detection of micrometastases in a mouse model of lung cancer using luciferase-expressing Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells (LLC1-Luc2), comparing bioluminescence imaging and quantitative PCR targeting the sex determining region Y gene. LLC1-Luc2 cells were intravenously injected into female C57BL/6 mice to establish a syngeneic metastasis model. Metastatic progression in lungs and liver was monitored over four weeks using bioluminescence imaging, with luciferase signals recorded on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Concurrently, quantitative PCR was employed to quantify metastatic cell numbers by amplifying the male-specific sex determining region Y gene, leveraging the sex mismatch between male-derived LLC1-Luc2 cells and female hosts. A standard curve was generated to correlate quantitative PCR cycle threshold values with cell numbers, enabling precise estimation of metastatic burden. Results demonstrated that BLI effectively visualized metastatic foci in deep tissues, while quantitative PCR provided superior sensitivity for detecting micrometastases, particularly at early stages or in low-cell-number lesions. The integration of bioluminescence imaging and sex determining region Y gene quantitative PCR offers a robust framework for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of metastasis, providing valuable insights for preclinical evaluation of anti-metastatic therapies

Keywords

Ethical Statement

The experimental procedures in this study were all carried out in accordance with the institutional guidelines and approved by the Hacettepe University Animal Experiments Ethical Committee (2024/19).

Thanks

I would like to thank Associate Prof. Yağmur Akdağ Çaylı for LLC-1-Luc2 cells

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

July 1, 2026

Submission Date

August 21, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 3, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 15 Number: 2

APA
Öztürk, S. C. (2026). Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, 15(2), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1770061
AMA
1.Öztürk SC. Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging. TJNS. 2026;15(2):33-38. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1770061
Chicago
Öztürk, Süleyman Can. 2026. “Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of QPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging”. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science 15 (2): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1770061.
EndNote
Öztürk SC (July 1, 2026) Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science 15 2 33–38.
IEEE
[1]S. C. Öztürk, “Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging”, TJNS, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 33–38, July 2026, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1770061.
ISNAD
Öztürk, Süleyman Can. “Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of QPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging”. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science 15/2 (July 1, 2026): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1770061.
JAMA
1.Öztürk SC. Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging. TJNS. 2026;15:33–38.
MLA
Öztürk, Süleyman Can. “Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of QPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging”. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, vol. 15, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 33-38, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1770061.
Vancouver
1.Süleyman Can Öztürk. Detection of Micrometastases of Luciferase-Expressing LLC-1 Lung Cancer Cells in a Mouse Metastasis Model: Comparison of qPCR and Bioluminescence Imaging. TJNS. 2026 Jul. 1;15(2):33-8. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1770061