Perceived Stress Levels and Views on Non-Medical Use of Methylphenidate Among Medical Students
Year 2026,
Volume: 25 Issue: 75
,
91
-
102
,
29.04.2026
Çiğdem Samancı Tekin
,
Serencam Kaş
,
Aslıhan Kamiltürk
,
Ali Kemal Anlaş
,
Fatma Betül Başar
,
Damla Neslihan Güleş
,
Berkay Arslanoğlu
,
Adem Bulduklu
,
Nisanur Kenger
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the perceived stress levels of medical students and their attitudes toward non-medical use of methylphenidate. Designed as a cross-sectional and descriptive study, data were collected from a total of 338 medical students. The findings revealed that more than half of the participants experienced a moderate level of perceived stress, while approximately one in five students reported being exposed to a high level of stress. Female gender, low socioeconomic status, and a history of psychiatric illness were significantly associated with higher stress levels. Additionally, extended internet use, lack of social engagement, parental separation, and problematic romantic relationships were also correlated with elevated stress. A majority of the participants reported being familiar with methylphenidate, with friends and social media identified as the most common sources of information. About 8.3% of students indicated that they had used methylphenidate at least once in their lifetime. Usage was found to intensify during exam periods, with primary motivations including the desire to improve academic performance, curiosity, and coping with mental fatigue. The belief in the drug's addictive potential was a major reason for abstaining from its use, along with concerns about adverse effects.These findings suggest that medical students experience significant stress and that some may turn to pharmacological means to manage it. There is a clear need for structured intervention programs in universities that focus on stress management and promote non-pharmacological coping strategies. Integrating such programs into medical education may support students’ mental well-being and reduce the likelihood of stimulant misuse.
References
-
1. Jain R, Chang CC, Koto M, Geldenhuys A, Nichol R, Joubert G. Non-medical use of methylphenidate among medical students of the University of the Free State. South African J Psychiatry. 2017;23(a1006):1608–9685.
-
2. Sadegi Biomorgh M, Akbarzadeh F, Afin AA, Talaei A, Jafarian T, Teimouri MM, et al. Prevalence of nonmedical use of Ritalin among medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. J Fundam Ment Heal. 2023;25(1).
-
3. Selvi H, Türkegün M. Sağlık Alanında Öğrenim Gören Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sınav Başarısına Yönelik Psikostimülan Kullanımına İlişkin Tutumları. Trak Eğitim Derg. 2020;10(2):477–87.
-
4. Kayaalp S. Rasyonel tedavi yönünden tıbbi farmakoloji. Ankara: Hacettepe-Tas Yayınları; 2002.
-
5. Jaeschke RR, Sujkowska E, Sowa-Kućma M. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review. Psychopharmacology. 2021;238:2667–91.
-
6. Fallah G, Moudi S, Hamidia A, Bijani A. Stimulant use in medical students and residents requires more careful attention. Casp J Intern Med. 2018;9(1):87–91.
-
7. İpekoğlu HY, Kolcu G. Non-medıcal use of Methylphenıdate in medical students in the medıterranean region of Türkiye: A qualitative research. Med J Süleyman Demirel Univ. 2023;30(2):245–52.
-
8. Lashkaripour M, Dartomi S, Ghiasi Z, Farajian-Mashhadi F, Sargolzaei N. Frequency of non-medical use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) among medical students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2019;8(2): e84694.
-
9. Steyn F. Methylphenidate use and poly-substance use among undergraduate students attending a South African university. South African J Psychiatry. 2016;22(1):1-4.
-
10. Silveira R da R, Lejderman B, Ferreira PEMS, da Rocha GMP. Padrões do uso não médico de metilfenidato em estudantes do 5° e do 6° ano de uma faculdade de medicina do Brasil. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2014;36(2):101–6.
-
11. Tam CC, Benotsch EG, Weinstein TL. Resilience and psychiatric symptoms as mediators between perceived stress and non-medical use of prescription drugs among college students. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46(1):120–30.
-
12. Calculators O epidemiologic, Time P, Size S, Difference M, Openepi D, Links N, et al. Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. 2014. Available from: https://www.openepi.com/Menu/OE_Menu.htm.
-
13. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96.
-
14. Kaya C, Tansey TN, Melekoglu M, Cakiroglu O, Chan F. Psychometric evaluation of Turkish version of the Perceived Stress Scale with Turkish college students. J Ment Heal. 2019;28(2):161–7.
-
15. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. United States of America: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
-
16. Dağtekin G, Atay E, Kılınç A, Eyüboğlu M, Eyüboğlu D, Ünsal A, et al. Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Cinsiyete Göre Sigara Tüketimi, Algılanan Stres ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Osmangazi Tıp Derg. 2019;42(4):350–6.
-
17. Connor KM, Vaishnavi S, Davidson JRT, Sheehan D V., Sheehan KH. Perceived stress in anxiety disorders and the general population: A study of the Sheehan stress vulnerability scale. Psychiatry Res. 2007;151(3):249–54.
-
18. Zandifar A, Badrfam R, Yazdani S, Arzaghi SM, Rahimi F, Ghasemi S, et al. Prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress and perceived stress in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(2):1431–8.
-
19. Kansky J, Allen JP, Diener E. Early Adolescent Affect Predicts Later Life Outcomes. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2016;8(2):192–212.
-
20. Akay G, Oğuzhan H, Güdücü Tüfekçi F. Kahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrası Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Algılanan Stres Düzeyleri İle Öznel İyi Oluş Durumları Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi. Üniversite Araştırmaları Derg. 2024;7(1):40–7.
-
21. Yıldırım A, Şahin MO. Beden Eğitimi̇ ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Kalitesi̇ ve Algılanan Stres Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Gaziantep Unıversity J Soc Sci. 2024;23(4):1718–35.
-
22. Algren MH, Ekholm O, Nielsen L, Ersbøll AK, Bak CK, Andersen PT. Associations between perceived stress, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods in Denmark: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–12.
-
23. Bilge U, Donmez L. Social network usage among medical students and its relationship with stress. Akdeniz Med J. 2023;10(3):416–25.
-
24. Sabırlı TN, Kocaekşi S, Özbal AF, Çevik H. Bilgilendirici ve Beceri Geliştirici Boş Zaman Aktivitelerine Katılım, Stres ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki. Avrasya Spor Bilim ve Eğitim Derg. 2022;4(1):18–31.
-
25. King Keith A., Vidourek Rebecca A., Merianos Ashley L., Singh Meha. A study of stress, social support, and perceived happiness among college students. J Happiness Well-Being. 2014;2(2):132–44.
-
26. De Bruyn S, Wouters E, Ponnet K, Van Hal G. Popping smart pills in medical school: Are competition and stress associated with the misuse of prescription stimulants among students? Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(7):1191–202.
-
27. Ram S, Hussainy S, Henning M, Jensen M, Russell B. Prevalence of cognitive enhancer use among New Zealand tertiary students. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35(3):345–51.
-
28. Sümbül-Şekerci B, Bildik Ö, Bektay MY, İzzettin FV. Attitudes of medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry students about psychostimulant use to enhance cognition. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(10):e14608.
-
29. Batista da Costa L, Sousa JO de, Silva SVB de F, Almeida VD de, Fernandes TAA de M. Non-medical use of methylphenidate by medical students: prevalence and motivations. Integrative review. Rev Cienc Saude. 2021;11(2):24–34.
-
30. Wei J, Sinnott SM. Harms and benefits of non-medical methylphenidate use among young adults: a scoping review of the literature [Internet]. Vol. 30, Journal of Substance Use. 2023;30(2):199–204.
-
31. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE, Cimini MD, Geisner IM, et al. Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically? Addict Behav. 2017;65:245–9.
-
32. Faraone S V., Rostain AL, Montano CB, Mason O, Antshel KM, Newcorn JH. Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies. JAACAP. 2020;59(1):100-12.
-
33. Verdi G, Weyandt LL, Zavras BM. Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use in Graduate Students: Relationship With Academic Self-Efficacy and Psychological Variables. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(9):741–53.
-
34. Phillips AE, McDaniel EL. College Prescription Drug Study - Key Findings [Internet]. Center for the Study of Student Life, The Ohio State University: Columbus, Ohio; 2018.
-
35. Pereira S, Ferreira AM, Azevedo A, Barroso C, Monteiro V. Illicit use of Methylphenidate: the other side of the medical prescription. Birth growth Med J. 2018;27(2):98–104.
-
36. Herman L, Shtayermman O, Aksnes B, Anzalone M, Cormerais A, Liodice C. The use of prescription stimulants to enhance academic performance among college students in health care programs. J Physician Assist Educ. 2011;22(4):15–22.
-
37. DeSantis A, Webb EM, Noar SM. Illicit use of prescription adhd medications on a college campus: A multimethodological approach. J Am Coll Heal. 2008;57(3):315–24.
Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Algılanan Stres Düzeyleri ve Tedavi Dışı Metilfenidat Kullanımına Yönelik Görüşleri
Year 2026,
Volume: 25 Issue: 75
,
91
-
102
,
29.04.2026
Çiğdem Samancı Tekin
,
Serencam Kaş
,
Aslıhan Kamiltürk
,
Ali Kemal Anlaş
,
Fatma Betül Başar
,
Damla Neslihan Güleş
,
Berkay Arslanoğlu
,
Adem Bulduklu
,
Nisanur Kenger
Abstract
Bu çalışma, tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin algılanan stres düzeylerini ve tedavi amacı dışında metilfenidat kullanımına ilişkin tutumlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tasarıma sahip bu araştırmada, toplam 338 öğrenciden elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, katılımcıların yarısından fazlasının orta düzeyde stres yaşadığını, yaklaşık her beş öğrenciden birinin ise yüksek düzeyde strese maruz kaldığını ortaya koymuştur. Kadın cinsiyet, düşük gelir düzeyi ve psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü gibi faktörler, yüksek stres düzeyi ile anlamlı biçimde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ayrıca uzun süreli internet kullanımı, sosyal uğraş eksikliği, ebeveyn ayrılığı ve problemli duygusal ilişkiler de artan stres düzeyleriyle ilişkili değişkenler arasında yer almıştır. Katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğu metilfenidat hakkında bilgi sahibi olduğunu ifade etmiş; en sık bilgi kaynağı olarak arkadaş çevresi ve sosyal medya belirtilmiştir. Öğrencilerin %8,3’ü yaşamlarının bir döneminde en az bir kez metilfenidat kullandığını bildirmiştir. Kullanım sıklığının özellikle sınav dönemlerinde arttığı gözlemlenmiş; akademik performansı artırma arzusu, merak ve zihinsel yorgunlukla başa çıkma çabası başlıca motivasyonlar olarak öne çıkmıştır. İlacın bağımlılık potansiyelinin yüksek olduğu yönündeki inanç, kullanım kararsızlığı ve kaçınma davranışlarını şekillendirmiştir. Bu bulgular, tıp öğrencilerinde stres düzeylerinin yüksek olduğunu ve bazı bireylerin bu stresle başa çıkmak için farmakolojik yöntemlere yöneldiğini göstermektedir. Üniversitelerde, stres yönetimi ve farmakolojik olmayan baş etme stratejilerine yönelik yapılandırılmış müdahale programlarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Araştırma Etik Kurulu çalışmamıza etik onay vermiştir (Karar No: 2023/10-23, Tarih: 28/07/2023). Tüm katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmış ve araştırmanın her aşamasında Helsinki Bildirgesi'nde belirtilen etik ilkelere titizlikle uyulmuştur.
Thanks
Yazarlar tüm katılımcılara teşekkür eder.
References
-
1. Jain R, Chang CC, Koto M, Geldenhuys A, Nichol R, Joubert G. Non-medical use of methylphenidate among medical students of the University of the Free State. South African J Psychiatry. 2017;23(a1006):1608–9685.
-
2. Sadegi Biomorgh M, Akbarzadeh F, Afin AA, Talaei A, Jafarian T, Teimouri MM, et al. Prevalence of nonmedical use of Ritalin among medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. J Fundam Ment Heal. 2023;25(1).
-
3. Selvi H, Türkegün M. Sağlık Alanında Öğrenim Gören Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sınav Başarısına Yönelik Psikostimülan Kullanımına İlişkin Tutumları. Trak Eğitim Derg. 2020;10(2):477–87.
-
4. Kayaalp S. Rasyonel tedavi yönünden tıbbi farmakoloji. Ankara: Hacettepe-Tas Yayınları; 2002.
-
5. Jaeschke RR, Sujkowska E, Sowa-Kućma M. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review. Psychopharmacology. 2021;238:2667–91.
-
6. Fallah G, Moudi S, Hamidia A, Bijani A. Stimulant use in medical students and residents requires more careful attention. Casp J Intern Med. 2018;9(1):87–91.
-
7. İpekoğlu HY, Kolcu G. Non-medıcal use of Methylphenıdate in medical students in the medıterranean region of Türkiye: A qualitative research. Med J Süleyman Demirel Univ. 2023;30(2):245–52.
-
8. Lashkaripour M, Dartomi S, Ghiasi Z, Farajian-Mashhadi F, Sargolzaei N. Frequency of non-medical use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) among medical students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2019;8(2): e84694.
-
9. Steyn F. Methylphenidate use and poly-substance use among undergraduate students attending a South African university. South African J Psychiatry. 2016;22(1):1-4.
-
10. Silveira R da R, Lejderman B, Ferreira PEMS, da Rocha GMP. Padrões do uso não médico de metilfenidato em estudantes do 5° e do 6° ano de uma faculdade de medicina do Brasil. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2014;36(2):101–6.
-
11. Tam CC, Benotsch EG, Weinstein TL. Resilience and psychiatric symptoms as mediators between perceived stress and non-medical use of prescription drugs among college students. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46(1):120–30.
-
12. Calculators O epidemiologic, Time P, Size S, Difference M, Openepi D, Links N, et al. Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. 2014. Available from: https://www.openepi.com/Menu/OE_Menu.htm.
-
13. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96.
-
14. Kaya C, Tansey TN, Melekoglu M, Cakiroglu O, Chan F. Psychometric evaluation of Turkish version of the Perceived Stress Scale with Turkish college students. J Ment Heal. 2019;28(2):161–7.
-
15. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. United States of America: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
-
16. Dağtekin G, Atay E, Kılınç A, Eyüboğlu M, Eyüboğlu D, Ünsal A, et al. Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Cinsiyete Göre Sigara Tüketimi, Algılanan Stres ve Yaşam Kalitesi. Osmangazi Tıp Derg. 2019;42(4):350–6.
-
17. Connor KM, Vaishnavi S, Davidson JRT, Sheehan D V., Sheehan KH. Perceived stress in anxiety disorders and the general population: A study of the Sheehan stress vulnerability scale. Psychiatry Res. 2007;151(3):249–54.
-
18. Zandifar A, Badrfam R, Yazdani S, Arzaghi SM, Rahimi F, Ghasemi S, et al. Prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress and perceived stress in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(2):1431–8.
-
19. Kansky J, Allen JP, Diener E. Early Adolescent Affect Predicts Later Life Outcomes. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2016;8(2):192–212.
-
20. Akay G, Oğuzhan H, Güdücü Tüfekçi F. Kahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrası Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Algılanan Stres Düzeyleri İle Öznel İyi Oluş Durumları Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi. Üniversite Araştırmaları Derg. 2024;7(1):40–7.
-
21. Yıldırım A, Şahin MO. Beden Eğitimi̇ ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Kalitesi̇ ve Algılanan Stres Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Gaziantep Unıversity J Soc Sci. 2024;23(4):1718–35.
-
22. Algren MH, Ekholm O, Nielsen L, Ersbøll AK, Bak CK, Andersen PT. Associations between perceived stress, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods in Denmark: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–12.
-
23. Bilge U, Donmez L. Social network usage among medical students and its relationship with stress. Akdeniz Med J. 2023;10(3):416–25.
-
24. Sabırlı TN, Kocaekşi S, Özbal AF, Çevik H. Bilgilendirici ve Beceri Geliştirici Boş Zaman Aktivitelerine Katılım, Stres ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki. Avrasya Spor Bilim ve Eğitim Derg. 2022;4(1):18–31.
-
25. King Keith A., Vidourek Rebecca A., Merianos Ashley L., Singh Meha. A study of stress, social support, and perceived happiness among college students. J Happiness Well-Being. 2014;2(2):132–44.
-
26. De Bruyn S, Wouters E, Ponnet K, Van Hal G. Popping smart pills in medical school: Are competition and stress associated with the misuse of prescription stimulants among students? Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(7):1191–202.
-
27. Ram S, Hussainy S, Henning M, Jensen M, Russell B. Prevalence of cognitive enhancer use among New Zealand tertiary students. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35(3):345–51.
-
28. Sümbül-Şekerci B, Bildik Ö, Bektay MY, İzzettin FV. Attitudes of medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry students about psychostimulant use to enhance cognition. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(10):e14608.
-
29. Batista da Costa L, Sousa JO de, Silva SVB de F, Almeida VD de, Fernandes TAA de M. Non-medical use of methylphenidate by medical students: prevalence and motivations. Integrative review. Rev Cienc Saude. 2021;11(2):24–34.
-
30. Wei J, Sinnott SM. Harms and benefits of non-medical methylphenidate use among young adults: a scoping review of the literature [Internet]. Vol. 30, Journal of Substance Use. 2023;30(2):199–204.
-
31. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE, Cimini MD, Geisner IM, et al. Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically? Addict Behav. 2017;65:245–9.
-
32. Faraone S V., Rostain AL, Montano CB, Mason O, Antshel KM, Newcorn JH. Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies. JAACAP. 2020;59(1):100-12.
-
33. Verdi G, Weyandt LL, Zavras BM. Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use in Graduate Students: Relationship With Academic Self-Efficacy and Psychological Variables. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(9):741–53.
-
34. Phillips AE, McDaniel EL. College Prescription Drug Study - Key Findings [Internet]. Center for the Study of Student Life, The Ohio State University: Columbus, Ohio; 2018.
-
35. Pereira S, Ferreira AM, Azevedo A, Barroso C, Monteiro V. Illicit use of Methylphenidate: the other side of the medical prescription. Birth growth Med J. 2018;27(2):98–104.
-
36. Herman L, Shtayermman O, Aksnes B, Anzalone M, Cormerais A, Liodice C. The use of prescription stimulants to enhance academic performance among college students in health care programs. J Physician Assist Educ. 2011;22(4):15–22.
-
37. DeSantis A, Webb EM, Noar SM. Illicit use of prescription adhd medications on a college campus: A multimethodological approach. J Am Coll Heal. 2008;57(3):315–24.