Research Article
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The Relationship Between Learning Styles and Perceptions of Academic Skills and Learning Climate in Dental Students

Year 2026, Volume: 25 Issue: 75 , 126 - 136 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.1872440
https://izlik.org/JA48RH56KJ

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental students’ learning styles (VARK) and their perceptions of the educational environment (DREEM), and to evaluate the effects of this relationship on academic self-perception and learning climate. In addition, the study aimed to examine the influence of demographic variables such as age, academic year, and faculty type on students’ perceptions of the educational environment.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 518 undergraduate dental students from different universities in Türkiye. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, the VARK Learning Style Inventory, and selected subscales of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). Learning styles were classified as Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic. Educational environment perceptions were evaluated through academic self-perception and learning climate subscales. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of participants was 21.61±2.13 years, and 65.4% were female. Kinesthetic learning style showed the highest mean score among learning preferences. Total DREEM and learning climate scores were significantly lower in older students and in higher academic years (p<0.05). Third-year students exhibited significantly lower DREEM scores compared to first-year students. No significant differences were observed according to gender. Students from private universities demonstrated higher learning climate and total DREEM scores than those from public institutions. Correlation analysis revealed a weak but significant association between kinesthetic learning style and total DREEM score. Regression analysis indicated that age was a negative predictor of DREEM scores, whereas total DREEM score strongly predicted academic self-perception (R²=0.739).
Conclusions: The findings indicate that perceptions of the educational environment decline during the preclinical–clinical transition and are strongly associated with students’ academic self-perception. The significant role of kinesthetic learning highlights the importance of practice-oriented and interactive educational approaches in dental training. These results suggest that dental curricula should incorporate early academic mentoring, enhanced clinical preparedness, and learner-centered instructional strategies to support students’ academic and psychological well-being.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant Institutional Ethics Committee prior to data collection. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants on a voluntary basis. Participation was anonymous, and no personal identifying information was collected.

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Thanks

The authors would like to express their gratitude to all students who participated in this study for their valuable contributions.

References

  • 1. Lee S. Educational Implications of VARK Learning Styles: Academic Performance and Pedagogical Preferences among Korean Pharmacy Students. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2025;59(2):512-7.
  • 2. Shaher F, Almisari M, Alhabshi N, Al-Amoodi H, Abdulghani MA. Preference for Unimodal Learning Among Dental Students: Insights from the VARK Learning Style Model. A Cross-Sectional Study. Yemeni J Med Sci 2025;19(2).
  • 3. Castro-Rodríguez Y. Student perceptions of the educational environment in the dental context. Odontoestomatología. 2025;27(46).
  • 4. Kolcu G, Alkış M, Kolcu MİB, Ezberci S. Diş Hekimliği Eğitiminde Eğitim Ortamının Değerlendirilmesi Evaluation of the Educational Environment in Dentistry Education.
  • 5. Glenn D. Matching teaching style to learning style may not help students. Chron High Educ. 2009:1-3.
  • 6. Rogowsky BA, Calhoun BM, Tallal P. Matching learning style to instructional method: Effects on comprehension. Journal of educational psychology. 2015;107(1):64.
  • 7. Rogowsky BA, Calhoun BM, Tallal P. Providing instruction based on students’ learning style preferences does not improve learning. Front Psychol. 2020;11:511773. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00164.
  • 8. Ferrer-Valdivia N, Herrera-Barraza V, Garrido-Urrutia C. Learning Styles in undergraduate dentistry students: A systematic review. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2025;61:79-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2025.03.004.
  • 9. Roff S, McAleer S, Harden RM, Al-Qahtani M, Ahmed AU, Deza H, et al. Development and validation of the Dundee ready education environment measure (DREEM). Med Teach. 1997;19(4):295-9.
  • 10. Sezer B, Teker GT, Sezer TA, Elçin M. Dundee Mevcut Eğitim Ortamı Değerlendirme Ölçeği (DREEM-TR): Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışması. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2019;18(56):16-29.
  • 11. Ekici G. Akademik Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği: Türçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalişmasi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.43(43).
  • 12. Fleming N, Mills C. VARK: A guide to learning styles. Retrieved November. 2001;30:2004.
  • 13. Aksu S, Erturk-Avunduk AT, Delikan E, Buldur B. Metaphorical perceptions of dental students toward dental education: a cross-sectional study from Türkiye. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):440.
  • 14. Mustafa SS, Felefel W, Ibrahim SH. Evaluation of the dental educational environment in upper Egypt using the DREEM tool: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2026;26(1):102. doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08340-y.
  • 15. Uzun S, Altındağ Ö, Altındağ A. Evaluation of the quality of life of dentistry students with a survey study. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;9(3):299-308. doi:10.46237/amusbfd.1483850.
  • 16. Alzahem A, Van der Molen H, Alaujan A, Schmidt H, Zamakhshary M. Stress amongst dental students: a systematic review. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(1):8-18. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0579.2010.00640.x.
  • 17. Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ 2017;8:179. doi: 10.5116/ijme.5910.b961.
  • 18. Lugassy D, Ben-Izhack G, Zissu S, Shitrit Lahav R, Rosner O, Elzami R, et al. Anxiety, stress, and depression levels among dental students: gender, age, and stage of dental education related. Psychol Health Med. 2025;30(7):1394-408. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2025.2476085.
  • 19. Hosseini SM, Amery H, Emadzadeh A, Babazadeh S. Dental students’ educational achievement in relation to their learning styles: a cross-sectional study in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(5):152.
  • 20. Lizzio A, Wilson K, Simons R. University students' perceptions of the learning environment and academic outcomes: implications for theory and practice. Stud High Educ. 2002;27(1):27-52.
  • 21. Ihm JJ, Lee G, Kim KK, Jang KT, Jin BH. Who succeeds at dental school? Factors predicting students’ academic performance in a dental school in Republic of Korea. J Dent Educ 2013;77(12):1616-23. PMID: 24319133.
  • 22. Türker Ü, Somoğlu MB, Koç M, Bostancı Ö. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the VARK learning style inventory for athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2026. doi:10.1186/s13102-026-01529-8.
  • 23. Ahmed SZ, Deraney PM, Sadaf SA, Siddiqui IA, Madi M, AlHumaid J. Active Learning Strategies for Improving Dental Students' Skills in Preclinical Restorative Dentistry. Eur J Dent 2025.
  • 24. Alam BF, Anwar M, Nayab T, Zaidi SAA, Hussain T, Uzunçıbuk H, et al. Team-based learning or problem-based learning: which is the best learner-centered approach for undergraduate dental students? AME Med J 2026;11.
  • 25. Muktiadji H, Degeng INS, Setyosari P, Kuswandi D, Haq AS. The Effect of Flipped Classroom Model and Learning Styles on Improving Students' Conceptual Understanding: An Experimental Study. J Ekon Pendik Kewirausahaan 2026;14(1):1-24.
  • 26. Baiju R. Teaching and Learning in Dentistry: The Current Paradigm. The Dental Teacher: A Reference Guide to Instructional Strategies and Evaluation Principles. 2026:1-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07551-2_1.
  • 27. Pourhoseingholi MA, Baghestani AR, Vahedi M. How to control confounding effects by statistical analysis. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012;5(2):79. PMID: 24834204.
  • 28. Tabachnick B, Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics (7th Еd.). Published online. 2019.
  • 29. Baherimoghadam T, Naseri N, Tabesh A, Hamedani S, Mousavi SF. The influence of learning styles on the efficacy of flipped classroom in dental education. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):1385. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07916-y.

Diş Hekimliği Öğrencilerinde Öğrenme Stilleri ile Akademik Beceriler ve Öğrenme Ortamı Algıları Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2026, Volume: 25 Issue: 75 , 126 - 136 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.1872440
https://izlik.org/JA48RH56KJ

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin öğrenme stilleri ile eğitim ortamına yönelik algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve bu ilişkinin akademik öz algı ile öğrenme iklimi üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca yaş, sınıf düzeyi ve fakülte gibi demografik değişkenlerin eğitim ortamı algısı üzerindeki rolünün araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışma, Türkiye’deki farklı diş hekimliği fakültelerinde öğrenim gören 518 lisans öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, sosyodemografik bilgiler, VARK Öğrenme Stili Envanteri ve Dundee Eğitim Ortamı Değerlendirme Ölçeği (DREEM) kullanılarak çevrim içi anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Öğrenme stilleri görsel (V), işitsel (A), okuma-yazma (R) ve kinestetik (K) olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Eğitim ortamı algısı ise akademik öz algı ve öğrenme iklimi alt boyutları üzerinden incelenmiştir. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 21,61±2,13 yıl olup %65,4’ü kadındır. Öğrenme stilleri incelendiğinde en yüksek ortalama puan kinestetik öğrenme stilinde saptanmıştır. DREEM toplam puanı ve öğrenme iklimi puanları yaş ile negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki göstermiştir (p<0,05). Üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin DREEM toplam puanlarının birinci sınıf öğrencilerine göre anlamlı düzeyde düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Cinsiyete göre anlamlı fark saptanmamıştır. Fakülteler arası karşılaştırmalarda özel üniversite öğrencilerinin öğrenme iklimi ve toplam DREEM puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Korelasyon analizinde yalnızca kinestetik öğrenme stilinin DREEM toplam puanı ile anlamlı ilişki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Regresyon analizinde yaşın DREEM puanını negatif yönde etkilediği, toplam DREEM puanının ise akademik öz algının güçlü bir yordayıcısı olduğu saptanmıştır (R²=0,739).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, diş hekimliği eğitiminde öğrencilerin eğitim ortamına yönelik algılarının özellikle preklinik dönemde belirgin şekilde azaldığını ve öğrenme ortamının akademik öz algı üzerinde güçlü bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Kinestetik öğrenme stilinin olumlu algıyla ilişkili olması, uygulama temelli eğitimin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, eğitim programlarının daha öğrenci merkezli, etkileşimli ve destekleyici biçimde yapılandırılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Helsinki Bildirgesi ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma için ilgili kurumun Etik Kurulundan onay alınmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan tüm bireylere çalışmanın amacı hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve gönüllü onamları alınmıştır. Katılımcıların kimlik bilgileri gizli tutulmuş ve çalışma anonim olarak yürütülmüştür.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma herhangi bir kamu, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen kurumdan maddi destek almamıştır.

Thanks

Bu çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılım sağlayan tüm öğrencilere ve katkı sunan kişilere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • 1. Lee S. Educational Implications of VARK Learning Styles: Academic Performance and Pedagogical Preferences among Korean Pharmacy Students. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2025;59(2):512-7.
  • 2. Shaher F, Almisari M, Alhabshi N, Al-Amoodi H, Abdulghani MA. Preference for Unimodal Learning Among Dental Students: Insights from the VARK Learning Style Model. A Cross-Sectional Study. Yemeni J Med Sci 2025;19(2).
  • 3. Castro-Rodríguez Y. Student perceptions of the educational environment in the dental context. Odontoestomatología. 2025;27(46).
  • 4. Kolcu G, Alkış M, Kolcu MİB, Ezberci S. Diş Hekimliği Eğitiminde Eğitim Ortamının Değerlendirilmesi Evaluation of the Educational Environment in Dentistry Education.
  • 5. Glenn D. Matching teaching style to learning style may not help students. Chron High Educ. 2009:1-3.
  • 6. Rogowsky BA, Calhoun BM, Tallal P. Matching learning style to instructional method: Effects on comprehension. Journal of educational psychology. 2015;107(1):64.
  • 7. Rogowsky BA, Calhoun BM, Tallal P. Providing instruction based on students’ learning style preferences does not improve learning. Front Psychol. 2020;11:511773. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00164.
  • 8. Ferrer-Valdivia N, Herrera-Barraza V, Garrido-Urrutia C. Learning Styles in undergraduate dentistry students: A systematic review. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2025;61:79-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2025.03.004.
  • 9. Roff S, McAleer S, Harden RM, Al-Qahtani M, Ahmed AU, Deza H, et al. Development and validation of the Dundee ready education environment measure (DREEM). Med Teach. 1997;19(4):295-9.
  • 10. Sezer B, Teker GT, Sezer TA, Elçin M. Dundee Mevcut Eğitim Ortamı Değerlendirme Ölçeği (DREEM-TR): Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışması. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2019;18(56):16-29.
  • 11. Ekici G. Akademik Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği: Türçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalişmasi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.43(43).
  • 12. Fleming N, Mills C. VARK: A guide to learning styles. Retrieved November. 2001;30:2004.
  • 13. Aksu S, Erturk-Avunduk AT, Delikan E, Buldur B. Metaphorical perceptions of dental students toward dental education: a cross-sectional study from Türkiye. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):440.
  • 14. Mustafa SS, Felefel W, Ibrahim SH. Evaluation of the dental educational environment in upper Egypt using the DREEM tool: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2026;26(1):102. doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08340-y.
  • 15. Uzun S, Altındağ Ö, Altındağ A. Evaluation of the quality of life of dentistry students with a survey study. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;9(3):299-308. doi:10.46237/amusbfd.1483850.
  • 16. Alzahem A, Van der Molen H, Alaujan A, Schmidt H, Zamakhshary M. Stress amongst dental students: a systematic review. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(1):8-18. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0579.2010.00640.x.
  • 17. Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ 2017;8:179. doi: 10.5116/ijme.5910.b961.
  • 18. Lugassy D, Ben-Izhack G, Zissu S, Shitrit Lahav R, Rosner O, Elzami R, et al. Anxiety, stress, and depression levels among dental students: gender, age, and stage of dental education related. Psychol Health Med. 2025;30(7):1394-408. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2025.2476085.
  • 19. Hosseini SM, Amery H, Emadzadeh A, Babazadeh S. Dental students’ educational achievement in relation to their learning styles: a cross-sectional study in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(5):152.
  • 20. Lizzio A, Wilson K, Simons R. University students' perceptions of the learning environment and academic outcomes: implications for theory and practice. Stud High Educ. 2002;27(1):27-52.
  • 21. Ihm JJ, Lee G, Kim KK, Jang KT, Jin BH. Who succeeds at dental school? Factors predicting students’ academic performance in a dental school in Republic of Korea. J Dent Educ 2013;77(12):1616-23. PMID: 24319133.
  • 22. Türker Ü, Somoğlu MB, Koç M, Bostancı Ö. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the VARK learning style inventory for athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2026. doi:10.1186/s13102-026-01529-8.
  • 23. Ahmed SZ, Deraney PM, Sadaf SA, Siddiqui IA, Madi M, AlHumaid J. Active Learning Strategies for Improving Dental Students' Skills in Preclinical Restorative Dentistry. Eur J Dent 2025.
  • 24. Alam BF, Anwar M, Nayab T, Zaidi SAA, Hussain T, Uzunçıbuk H, et al. Team-based learning or problem-based learning: which is the best learner-centered approach for undergraduate dental students? AME Med J 2026;11.
  • 25. Muktiadji H, Degeng INS, Setyosari P, Kuswandi D, Haq AS. The Effect of Flipped Classroom Model and Learning Styles on Improving Students' Conceptual Understanding: An Experimental Study. J Ekon Pendik Kewirausahaan 2026;14(1):1-24.
  • 26. Baiju R. Teaching and Learning in Dentistry: The Current Paradigm. The Dental Teacher: A Reference Guide to Instructional Strategies and Evaluation Principles. 2026:1-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07551-2_1.
  • 27. Pourhoseingholi MA, Baghestani AR, Vahedi M. How to control confounding effects by statistical analysis. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2012;5(2):79. PMID: 24834204.
  • 28. Tabachnick B, Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics (7th Еd.). Published online. 2019.
  • 29. Baherimoghadam T, Naseri N, Tabesh A, Hamedani S, Mousavi SF. The influence of learning styles on the efficacy of flipped classroom in dental education. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1):1385. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07916-y.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sultan Uzun 0000-0003-3743-055X

Kübra Nur Çakan 0000-0003-1749-9293

Gamze Şirin Sarıbal 0000-0002-5191-377X

Submission Date January 27, 2026
Acceptance Date February 20, 2026
Publication Date April 29, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.1872440
IZ https://izlik.org/JA48RH56KJ
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 25 Issue: 75

Cite

Vancouver 1.Sultan Uzun, Kübra Nur Çakan, Gamze Şirin Sarıbal. The Relationship Between Learning Styles and Perceptions of Academic Skills and Learning Climate in Dental Students. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2026 Apr. 1;25(75):126-3. doi:10.25282/ted.1872440