Research Article

THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION

Volume: 15 Number: 3 September 15, 2026
EN TR

THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION

Abstract

This article examines the narrative strategy employed by Zülfü Livaneli in Serenad, arguing that the novel does not eliminate antagonism but deliberately relocates it from the figure of an individualized villain to impersonal and collective antagonistic structures such as bureaucracy, social indifference, and ordinary complicity. In contrast to many internationally acclaimed literary and cinematic works inspired by the atrocities of the Holocaust, where perpetrators are frequently represented as individualized and often pathologized figures, Serenad refrains from constructing a singular, morally legible villain. Drawing on Suzanne Keen’s theory of narrative empathy and Anna Lindhé’s concept of the “paradox of narrative empathy”, this article argues that Livaneli’s narrative choice prevents the reader’s affective investment in hatred toward a singular evil figure and instead redirects empathy toward the exercise of ethical self-reflection. Through this strategy, the novel reinforces the didactic and ethical dimensions of the reading experience by inviting readers to reflect not only on victimhood and suffering, but also on historical responsibility, social complicity, and the ordinary mechanisms through which violence becomes possible.

Keywords

References

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  2. Arendt, H. (2022). Eichmann in jerusalem. A report on the banality of evil. Penguin Random.
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  4. Kayalar. F. (2017). Zülfü Livaneli’nin Serenad ve Tanja Dückers’in Hımmelskörper adlı tarihsel romanlarında toplumsal bellek. (Tez No. 459835). [Doktora tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi-Erzurum]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  5. Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the novel. Oxford University.
  6. Keen, S. (2015). Narrative form: Revised and expanded second edition. Palgrave Macmillan.
  7. Lindhé, A. (2016). The paradox of narrative empathy and the form of the novel, or what george eliot knew. Studies in the Novel, 48(1) 19-42. 10.1353/sdn.2016.0011
  8. Livaneli, Z. (2019). Serenade for Nadia (Trans. B. Freely). Other.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Modern Turkish Literature in Turkiye Field

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Publication Date

September 15, 2026

Submission Date

January 8, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 15 Number: 3

APA
Roman, B. (2026). THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 15(3), 758-768. https://doi.org/10.7884/teke.1859236
AMA
1.Roman B. THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION. TEKE. 2026;15(3):758-768. doi:10.7884/teke.1859236
Chicago
Roman, Bianca. 2026. “THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION”. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi 15 (3): 758-68. https://doi.org/10.7884/teke.1859236.
EndNote
Roman B (September 1, 2026) THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi 15 3 758–768.
IEEE
[1]B. Roman, “THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION”, TEKE, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 758–768, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.7884/teke.1859236.
ISNAD
Roman, Bianca. “THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION”. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi 15/3 (September 1, 2026): 758-768. https://doi.org/10.7884/teke.1859236.
JAMA
1.Roman B. THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION. TEKE. 2026;15:758–768.
MLA
Roman, Bianca. “THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION”. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 758-6, doi:10.7884/teke.1859236.
Vancouver
1.Bianca Roman. THE ABSENCE OF A VILLAIN İN ZÜLFÜ LİVANELİ’S NOVEL SERENAD A STRATEGY TO AVOID THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE EMPATHY AND AN INVITATION TO SELF-REFLECTION. TEKE. 2026 Sep. 1;15(3):758-6. doi:10.7884/teke.1859236