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Heidegger ve İslam Düşüncesi: Kaygının Hristiyan Kökeni ve Tecrübe-Akıl Karşıtlığı

Year 2024, , 150 - 171, 03.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1457687

Abstract

Heidegger’in felsefesi ile İslam düşüncesinin çeşitli figürleri arasında çok sayıda karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Bu ilginin temel nedenlerinden biri, onun modern egemen özneye yönelik eleştirisidir. Heidegger modernitenin kesin öznesine, güvensiz ve kaygı (Sorge) sahibi Dasein fikriyle karşı çıkar. Bu kaygının temeli ise Hristiyanlığın kökensel tecrübesine, özellikle de Pavlus, Augustinus ve Luther’de bulduğumuz aslî günah ve çarmıh olgularına dayanır. Çalışmamızın amacı, İslam düşüncesi açısından Heidegger’in bu dini önkabullerine ilişkin biri içeriksel diğeri şekilsel iki sorunu incelemektir. İlk olarak, önkabullerin içeriği açısından kaygı, insanı hakikati tanımaya ve bu dünyada belirli bir huzur kazanmaya yatkın kılan fıtrat kavramına kökten karşıttır. Lakin, kanaatimizce Hristiyan tecrübe Heidegger’in sadece önkabullerinin içeriğini değil, aynı zamanda biçimsel düzeyde felsefenin her zaman önkabullerle başladığı fikrini de etkilemiştir. Böylece, ikinci olarak, Heidegger’in akıl aleyhine olgusal yaşamın birincilliğine yaptığı vurgu, Kur’an’ın akla verdiği öncelikten farklılaşır. Heidegger için yorumlama daima bir önanlamayla başlar zira kaygı dünyanın birincil tecrübesini oluşturur. Böylece, akıl bir tarafta aslî günahla engellendiği için bir tahakküm aracı iken, diğer tarafta hakikatin tanınmasında merkezi bir rol oynar. Ayrıca bu sorunlar, Hristiyan inancına çok şey borçlu olan Kıta felsefesinin önemli bir kısmını ilgilendirir. Bu çalışmayla amacımız, Heidegger ve İslam düşüncesi arasındaki yakınlaşmayı eleştirmekten ziyade, kesin ve sağlam temellere dayanması gerektiğini savunmaktır.

References

  • Açıkgenç, Alparslan. Being and Existence in Ṣadrā and Heidegger: A Comparative Ontology. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 1993.
  • Anselmus. Basic Writings: Proslogium, Monologium, Cur Deus Homo and Gaunilon's In Behalf of the Fool. Çeviren: S. N. Deane, La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1962.
  • Aoun, Mouchir Basile. Heidegger et la pensée arabe. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2011.
  • Arrien, Sophie-Jan. “Penser sans Dieu, vivre avec Dieu: Heidegger lecteur d'Augustin,” Esprit (Ocak 2013/1): 68-80.
  • Arrien, Sophie-Jan. L’inquiétude de la pensée. L’herméneutique de la vie du jeune Heidegger (1919-1923). Paris: PUF, 2014.
  • Azadpur, Mohammad. Reason Unbound: On Spiritual Practice in Islamic Peripatetic Philosophy. Albany: Suny Press, 2011.
  • Badawi, Abdurrahman. “Les points de rencontre de la mystique musulmane et de l’existentialisme,” Studia Islamica 27, (1967): 55-76.
  • Bultmann, Rudolf. “Das Problem der Hermeneutik,” Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 47, no. 1 (1950): 47-69.
  • Camilleri, Sylvain. “Du souci ‘philosophique’ au souci ‘religieux’,” Revue Philosophique de Louvain 112, no: 3 (2014): 495-523.
  • Camilleri, Sylvain. “La métaphorisation du lexique augustinien comme herméneutique phénoménologique: le jeune Heidegger et Jean–Louis Chrétien” in Between Phenomenology and Theology: Religious Metapers and Philosophical Concept, Editörler: Cristian Ciocan ve M. Neamtu, 157-178. Bucarest: Zeta Books, 2009.
  • Carbone, Raffaele. “Heidegger lecteur de Luther. Destruction de la métaphysique théologique Chittick, William C. “The Anthropocosmic Vision in Islamic Thought” in God, Life, and the Cosmos: Christian and Islamic Perspectives, Editörler: Ted Peters, Muzaffar Iqbal ve Syed Nomanul Haq, 125-152. Aldershot: Routledge, 2002.
  • Corbin, Henry. “De Heidegger à Sohravardî. Entretien avec P. Némo” in Cahier de l’Herne: Henry Corbin, Editör: Christian Jambet, 23-56. Paris: l’Herne, 1981.
  • Corbin, Henry. En islam iranien. Aspects spirituels et philosophiques. Tome 1. Paris: Gallimard, 1971.
  • Demirhan, Ahmet (ed.). Heidegger ve Din. İstanbul: Gelenek Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • el-Bizri, Nader. The Phenomenological Quest: Between Avicenna and Heidegger. Binghamton: Global Publications, 2000.
  • et temporalité de l’expérience facticielle de la vie” in Réforme et Contre-Réforme A l'époque de la naissance et de l'affirmation des totalitarismes (1900-1940), Editör: Chiara Lastraioli, 169-202. Turnhout, Brepols, 2008.
  • Fazlur Rahman. The Philosophy of Mullâ Sadrâ (Sadr al-Dîn al-Shirâzî). Albany: SUNY Press, 1975.
  • Foucault, Michel. Öznenin Yorumbilgisi: College De France Dersleri (1981-1982). Çeviren: Ferda Keskin, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2019.
  • Gadamer, Hans Georg. “Hermeneutik” in Hermeneutik (Yorumbilgisi) Üzerine Dersler. Çeviren: Doğan Özlem, Ankara: Ark Yayınları, 1995.
  • Gilson, Etienne. Reason and Revelation in The Middle Ages. New York: Charles Scribner’s sons, 1938.
  • Greisch, Jean. L’Arbre de vie et l'Arbre du savoir. Le chemin phénoménologique de l'herméneutique heideggérienne (1919-1923). Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 2000.
  • Greisch, Jean. Ontologie et temporalité. Esquisse systématique d'une interprétation intégrale de Sein und Zeit. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1994.
  • Hadot, Pierre. Qu’est-ce que la philosophie antique. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Anlama ve Yorum” İnsan Bilimlerine Prolegomena içinde, Çeviren: Hüsamettin Arslan, 307-331. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları, 2002.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Augustinus und der Neuplatonismus” in Phänomenologie des religiösen Lebens, Editör: Von M. Jung, 157-173. Francfort-sur-le-Main: Klostermann, 1995.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Din Fenomenolojisine Giriş (1920/21)” Heidegger Kitabı içinde, Editör: Kaan H. Ökten, 113-128. İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı, 2004.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Phenomenology and Theology” in Pathmarks, Editör: William McNeill, 39-62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “The Problem of Sin in Luther,” New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy 9, (2009): 183-191.
  • Heidegger, Martin. Introduction to Phenomenological Research. Çeviren: Daniel O. Dahlstrom, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994.
  • Heidegger, Martin. The Phenomenology of Religious Life. Çeviren: Matthias Fritsch ve Jennifer Anna Gosetti-Ferencei, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  • Heidegger, Martin. Varlık ve Zaman. Çeviren: Kaan H. Ökten, İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı, 2011.
  • Inwood, Michael. “Dil, Hakikat ve Kaygı,” Çeviren: Neziha Dalgıç, Kaygı 1, (2002): 49-60.
  • Kamal, Muhammad. From Essence to Being: The Philosophy of Mulla Sadra & Martin Heidegger. London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Publications, 2010.
  • Kennedy-Day, Kiki. “Ibn Sina’s Book of Definitions” in Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy - The limits of Words. Editör: Kiki Kennedy-Day, 85-159. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
  • Larivée, Annie, Alexandra Leduc. “Le souci de soi dans «Être et Temps»: L’accentuation radicale d'une tradition antique?,” Revue philosophique de Louvain 100, no: 4 (Kasım 2002): 723-741.
  • Leaman, Oliver. “Orientalism and Islamic Philosophy” in History of Islamic Philosophy, Editörler: Seyyed Hossein Nasr ve Oliver Leaman, 1143-1148. London: Routledge: 2001.
  • Luther, Martin. Werke I. Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus, 1883.
  • Martins, Maria Manuela Brito. “Le projet herméneutique augustinien: II. Herméneutique et existence,” Augustiniana 49, no: 1/2 (1999): 5-55.
  • Mohamed, Yasien. “The interpretations of fitrah,” Islamic Studies 34, no: 2 (Yaz 1995): 129-151.
  • Mohamed, Yasien. Fitra: The Islamic Concept of Human Nature. London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1996.
  • Moser, Kata, Urs Gösken ve Johs Michael. Hayes. (ed.). İslam Dünyasında Heidegger. Çeviren: Ömer Saruhanlıoğlu, İstanbul: Albaraka Yayınları, 2023.
  • Pöggeler, Otto. La pensée de Martin Heidegger. Çeviren: M. Simon, Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1967.
  • Ricoeur, Paul. Sur la traduction. Paris: Bayard, 2004.
  • Sommer, Christian. Heidegger, Aristote, Luther: Les sources aristotéliciennes et néo-testamentaires d'Être et Temps. Paris: PUF, 2005.
  • Varlık, Selami. “Negatif Hermeneutik ve Sonsuz Yorum Sorunu,” Cogito 89, (2017): 176-191.
  • Varlık, Selami. Paul Ricoeur’de Temellük ve Tahayyül. İstanbul: Alfa Yay., 2021.
  • Varlik, Selami. “Application of Tradition in Gadamer and the Sameness-Otherness of Islamic Philosophy” in Differences in Identity in Philosophy and Religion: A Cross-Cultural Approach, Editörler: Lydia Azadpour, Sarah Flavel and Russell Re Manning, 69-89. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
  • Williams, John Reynold. Heidegger’in Din Felsefesi. Çeviren: Mehmet Türkeri, İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2005.

Heidegger and Islamic Thought: Christian Origin of Sorge and Experience-Reason Difference

Year 2024, , 150 - 171, 03.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1457687

Abstract

There have been numerous attempts to compare Heidegger’s philosophy with various figures of Islamic thought. One main reason for this interest lies in his criticism of the modern sovereign subject. Heidegger contrasts the assured subject of modernity with the concept of an insecure and anxious Dasein experiencing Sorge. This concern stems from the fundamental experience of Christianity, particularly from the phenomena of original sin and the cross. The aim of our study is to examine two problems, one regarding the content and the other regarding the formal aspects of Heidegger’s religious presuppositions from the perspective of Islamic thought. Firstly, concerning the content of presuppositions, concern radically opposes the notion of fitrah, which predisposes human beings to recognize the truth and attain a certain peace in this world. However, in our opinion, the Christian experience influenced not only the content of Heidegger’s presuppositions but also the idea that, at the formal level, philosophy always begins with presuppositions. Secondly, Heidegger’s emphasis on the primacy of facticity at the expense of reason differs from the priority given to reason by the Qur’an. Thus, reason is, on the one side, an instrument of domination, hindered by original sin, and on the other side, it plays a central role in the recognition of truth. Furthermore, these issues pertain to a significant portion of Continental philosophy, which owes much to the Christian faith. Our aim in this paper is not to criticize the rapprochement between Heidegger and Islamic thought but to argue that it should be based on precise and solid foundations.

References

  • Açıkgenç, Alparslan. Being and Existence in Ṣadrā and Heidegger: A Comparative Ontology. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 1993.
  • Anselmus. Basic Writings: Proslogium, Monologium, Cur Deus Homo and Gaunilon's In Behalf of the Fool. Çeviren: S. N. Deane, La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1962.
  • Aoun, Mouchir Basile. Heidegger et la pensée arabe. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2011.
  • Arrien, Sophie-Jan. “Penser sans Dieu, vivre avec Dieu: Heidegger lecteur d'Augustin,” Esprit (Ocak 2013/1): 68-80.
  • Arrien, Sophie-Jan. L’inquiétude de la pensée. L’herméneutique de la vie du jeune Heidegger (1919-1923). Paris: PUF, 2014.
  • Azadpur, Mohammad. Reason Unbound: On Spiritual Practice in Islamic Peripatetic Philosophy. Albany: Suny Press, 2011.
  • Badawi, Abdurrahman. “Les points de rencontre de la mystique musulmane et de l’existentialisme,” Studia Islamica 27, (1967): 55-76.
  • Bultmann, Rudolf. “Das Problem der Hermeneutik,” Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 47, no. 1 (1950): 47-69.
  • Camilleri, Sylvain. “Du souci ‘philosophique’ au souci ‘religieux’,” Revue Philosophique de Louvain 112, no: 3 (2014): 495-523.
  • Camilleri, Sylvain. “La métaphorisation du lexique augustinien comme herméneutique phénoménologique: le jeune Heidegger et Jean–Louis Chrétien” in Between Phenomenology and Theology: Religious Metapers and Philosophical Concept, Editörler: Cristian Ciocan ve M. Neamtu, 157-178. Bucarest: Zeta Books, 2009.
  • Carbone, Raffaele. “Heidegger lecteur de Luther. Destruction de la métaphysique théologique Chittick, William C. “The Anthropocosmic Vision in Islamic Thought” in God, Life, and the Cosmos: Christian and Islamic Perspectives, Editörler: Ted Peters, Muzaffar Iqbal ve Syed Nomanul Haq, 125-152. Aldershot: Routledge, 2002.
  • Corbin, Henry. “De Heidegger à Sohravardî. Entretien avec P. Némo” in Cahier de l’Herne: Henry Corbin, Editör: Christian Jambet, 23-56. Paris: l’Herne, 1981.
  • Corbin, Henry. En islam iranien. Aspects spirituels et philosophiques. Tome 1. Paris: Gallimard, 1971.
  • Demirhan, Ahmet (ed.). Heidegger ve Din. İstanbul: Gelenek Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • el-Bizri, Nader. The Phenomenological Quest: Between Avicenna and Heidegger. Binghamton: Global Publications, 2000.
  • et temporalité de l’expérience facticielle de la vie” in Réforme et Contre-Réforme A l'époque de la naissance et de l'affirmation des totalitarismes (1900-1940), Editör: Chiara Lastraioli, 169-202. Turnhout, Brepols, 2008.
  • Fazlur Rahman. The Philosophy of Mullâ Sadrâ (Sadr al-Dîn al-Shirâzî). Albany: SUNY Press, 1975.
  • Foucault, Michel. Öznenin Yorumbilgisi: College De France Dersleri (1981-1982). Çeviren: Ferda Keskin, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2019.
  • Gadamer, Hans Georg. “Hermeneutik” in Hermeneutik (Yorumbilgisi) Üzerine Dersler. Çeviren: Doğan Özlem, Ankara: Ark Yayınları, 1995.
  • Gilson, Etienne. Reason and Revelation in The Middle Ages. New York: Charles Scribner’s sons, 1938.
  • Greisch, Jean. L’Arbre de vie et l'Arbre du savoir. Le chemin phénoménologique de l'herméneutique heideggérienne (1919-1923). Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 2000.
  • Greisch, Jean. Ontologie et temporalité. Esquisse systématique d'une interprétation intégrale de Sein und Zeit. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1994.
  • Hadot, Pierre. Qu’est-ce que la philosophie antique. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Anlama ve Yorum” İnsan Bilimlerine Prolegomena içinde, Çeviren: Hüsamettin Arslan, 307-331. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları, 2002.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Augustinus und der Neuplatonismus” in Phänomenologie des religiösen Lebens, Editör: Von M. Jung, 157-173. Francfort-sur-le-Main: Klostermann, 1995.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Din Fenomenolojisine Giriş (1920/21)” Heidegger Kitabı içinde, Editör: Kaan H. Ökten, 113-128. İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı, 2004.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “Phenomenology and Theology” in Pathmarks, Editör: William McNeill, 39-62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Heidegger, Martin. “The Problem of Sin in Luther,” New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy 9, (2009): 183-191.
  • Heidegger, Martin. Introduction to Phenomenological Research. Çeviren: Daniel O. Dahlstrom, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994.
  • Heidegger, Martin. The Phenomenology of Religious Life. Çeviren: Matthias Fritsch ve Jennifer Anna Gosetti-Ferencei, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  • Heidegger, Martin. Varlık ve Zaman. Çeviren: Kaan H. Ökten, İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı, 2011.
  • Inwood, Michael. “Dil, Hakikat ve Kaygı,” Çeviren: Neziha Dalgıç, Kaygı 1, (2002): 49-60.
  • Kamal, Muhammad. From Essence to Being: The Philosophy of Mulla Sadra & Martin Heidegger. London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Publications, 2010.
  • Kennedy-Day, Kiki. “Ibn Sina’s Book of Definitions” in Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy - The limits of Words. Editör: Kiki Kennedy-Day, 85-159. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
  • Larivée, Annie, Alexandra Leduc. “Le souci de soi dans «Être et Temps»: L’accentuation radicale d'une tradition antique?,” Revue philosophique de Louvain 100, no: 4 (Kasım 2002): 723-741.
  • Leaman, Oliver. “Orientalism and Islamic Philosophy” in History of Islamic Philosophy, Editörler: Seyyed Hossein Nasr ve Oliver Leaman, 1143-1148. London: Routledge: 2001.
  • Luther, Martin. Werke I. Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus, 1883.
  • Martins, Maria Manuela Brito. “Le projet herméneutique augustinien: II. Herméneutique et existence,” Augustiniana 49, no: 1/2 (1999): 5-55.
  • Mohamed, Yasien. “The interpretations of fitrah,” Islamic Studies 34, no: 2 (Yaz 1995): 129-151.
  • Mohamed, Yasien. Fitra: The Islamic Concept of Human Nature. London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1996.
  • Moser, Kata, Urs Gösken ve Johs Michael. Hayes. (ed.). İslam Dünyasında Heidegger. Çeviren: Ömer Saruhanlıoğlu, İstanbul: Albaraka Yayınları, 2023.
  • Pöggeler, Otto. La pensée de Martin Heidegger. Çeviren: M. Simon, Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1967.
  • Ricoeur, Paul. Sur la traduction. Paris: Bayard, 2004.
  • Sommer, Christian. Heidegger, Aristote, Luther: Les sources aristotéliciennes et néo-testamentaires d'Être et Temps. Paris: PUF, 2005.
  • Varlık, Selami. “Negatif Hermeneutik ve Sonsuz Yorum Sorunu,” Cogito 89, (2017): 176-191.
  • Varlık, Selami. Paul Ricoeur’de Temellük ve Tahayyül. İstanbul: Alfa Yay., 2021.
  • Varlik, Selami. “Application of Tradition in Gadamer and the Sameness-Otherness of Islamic Philosophy” in Differences in Identity in Philosophy and Religion: A Cross-Cultural Approach, Editörler: Lydia Azadpour, Sarah Flavel and Russell Re Manning, 69-89. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
  • Williams, John Reynold. Heidegger’in Din Felsefesi. Çeviren: Mehmet Türkeri, İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2005.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Islamic Philosophy, 20th Century Philosophy, Continental Philosophy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selami Varlık 0000-0002-7160-9281

Publication Date June 3, 2024
Submission Date March 23, 2024
Acceptance Date May 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Chicago Varlık, Selami. “Heidegger Ve İslam Düşüncesi: Kaygının Hristiyan Kökeni Ve Tecrübe-Akıl Karşıtlığı”. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, no. 21 (June 2024): 150-71. https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1457687.