Mali'de Avrupa Çok Taraflılığı Yoluyla Fransa'nın Tek Taraflı Politikasının Serval Operasyonundan Barkhane Operasyonunun Geri Çekilmesine Kadar Gizlenmesi

Year 2023, , 369 - 390, 28.07.2023

Amadou Togola Mehmet Akif Okur

https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1333582

Abstract

Bağımsızlık arifesinde Fransa, kıtadaki askeri nüfuzunu sürdürmek amacıyla eski kolonileriyle askeri alanda anlaşmaları imzalamıştır. Bu anlaşmalara dayanarak uzun süredir tek taraflı olarak askeri müdahalelerde bulunmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda, Afrika'da Fransa’nın askeri varlığına yönelik yükselen Fransız karşıtı duyguların, Fransa’yı yeni bir politika izlemeye ittiği görülmektedir. Fransa'nın, son on beş yılda askeri müdahalelerini ve politikalarını çoktaraflılaştırmaya ve Avrupalaştırmaya yöneldiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bunun örneği hem Mali Cumhuriyeti'nde hem de Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nde görülmüştür. Ancak bu makalede, Mali Cumhuriyeti örneği ele alınacaktır. Bu makalede, askeri müdahalenin legal olmadığı, Fransız askeri politikasının Avrupalılaştırılması, tek taraflı askeri müdahalelerinin çok taraflı olarak gösterilmesi ve Afrikalılaştırma gibi kavramları incelenecektir. Birleşmiş Milletler’ in 2012'de Mali'ye yönelik aldığı karara göre askeri müdahalenin tamamen legal olmadığı tespit edildi. 2085 sayılı bu karar bir Afrika müdahalesini sağlamış olabilir. Bu karar, MISAM (Mali’de Afrika Liderliğinde Uluslararası Destek Misyonu) adı altında bir Afrikalı müdahaleyi öngörmüştü. Yani Fransa’nın müdahale yapması planlanmamıştı. Fransa’dan yardım istense de sadece havadan Mali mili ordusuna destek sağlanması talep edilmişti. Ancak hem karadan hem de havadan müdahale gerçekleştirildi. Ardından 2014 ve 2020 yıllarında Barkhane Operasyonu ve Task Force Takuba üzerinde Avrupalı ortaklarla çok taraflı bir askeri politika izlenmeye başladı. Emmanuel Macron, Mali ve SAHEL bölgesinde Fransız asker politikasının Avrupalılaştırılmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır.

Keywords

Mali, Fransa, Tek Taraflılık, AB, Çok Taraflılık, Askeri, Yasadışılık, Afrikalılaşma, Avrupalılaşma

Disguise of France Unilateral Policy through European Multilateralism in Mali from Operation Serval to Withdrawal of Barkhane Operation

Abstract

On the eve of independence, France signed defense treaties with its former African colonies to maintain its military influence across the continent. Accordingly, it routinely made unilateral interventions as it saw fit for decades. However, in recent years, local communities in Africa are resenting the French military presence on their soil and their paternalistic posture in their affairs which many assimilate to neo-colonialism. As a result, France, still intending to pursue its unilateral interests, changed the format of its intervention for a broader European coloration i.e., multilateralism. It is this shift in policy that this study intends to demonstrate in Mali. The concept of the illegality of military intervention, the Europeanization of French military policy, unilateralism disguised as European multilateralism as well as Africanization will be studied in this article. Based on the resolution of the United Nations made on the Republic of Mali in 2012 it is found that the military intervention is not quite legal. Because the 2085 resolution of the United Nations provided African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA). As well, it was not planned for France to intervene. Although assistance was requested from France, only air support was requested for the Mali militia army. However, both land and air interventions were carried out. Then, in 2014 and 2020, a multilateral military policy began to be followed with European partners on the Barkhane Operation and Task Force Takuba. Takuba. Emmanuel Macron played an important role in the Europeanization of French military policy in Mali and SAHEL.

Keywords

Mali, France, Unilateralism, EU, Multilateralism, Military, Illegality, Africanization, Europeanization

References

• Assemblée Nationale. (2021). Compte rendu commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées, audition à huis clos, du général de division Eric Vidaud. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2022, https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/15/comptes rendus/cion_def/l15cion_def2021028_compte-rendu.
• Africanews.com. (2022). Choguel Maiga : personne ne viendra au Mali par procuration. Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2023, https://fr.africanews.com/2022/01/26/choguel-maiga-personne-ne-viendra-au-mali-par-procuration//.
• Direction de l’Information Légale et Administrative. (2013). Livre Blanc, Defense et Sécurité Nationale-2013. Paris.
• Assemblée nationale. (2022). Compte rendu N° 2 commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées: Audition de M. Jean-Yves Le Drian, ministre de la défense. Erişim tarihi:  24.02.2022, https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/cr-cdef/12-13/index.asp.
• Assemblée Nationale. (2013). Par la comission de la défense et des forces armées en conclusion des travaux d’une mission d’information sur l’opération serval au Mali. Erişim tarihi 17.09.2022, https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/rap-info/i1288.asp.
• Aceled Data. (2020) ‘Mali: Any end to the storm? Erişim tarihi: 18.02.202, https://acleddata.com/2020/12/17/mali-any-end-to-the-storm/.
• Antoine, R. (2011). Adaptation, Projection, Convergence? L’Européanisation de la défense et l’intervention militaire EUFOR Tchad/RCA, Erişim tarihi : 17.09.2022, https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-europeenne-2011-2-page-201.htm.
• Charbonneau, B. (2008). Dreams of Empire: France, Europe, and the new interventionism in Africa. Modern & Contemporary France, 16(3), 279–295.
• Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies Résolution 2056. (2012). Adoptée par le conseil de sécurité à sa 6798e Séance, le 5 juillet 2012. Erişim tarihi : 17.09.2002. https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=fr/S/RES/2056(2012).
• Chafer, T. (2016). France in Mali: Towards a new Africa strategy? International Journal of Francophone Studies, 2, 129.
• Carayol, R. (2022). Opération Serval. Des parlementaires au garde-à-vous. Erişim tarihi : 29.04.2022, https://afriquexxi.info/Operation-Serval-Des-parlementaires-au-garde-a-vous .
• Casola, D. C. (2019). G5 Sahel: la lute commune pour la stabilité régionale. Erişim tarihi: 1.05.2023, https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/g5-sahel-joint-struggle-regional-stability-23858.
• Don, M. (2021). Why France is losing its ‘Great Game’ in Western Africa.Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/france-western-africa-don-murray-1.6087514.
• Erforth, B. (2020). Multilateralism as a tool: Exploring French military cooperation in the Sahel. Journal of Strategic Studies, 1–23.
• Enzo, F. (2021). The French army is the European leader, The Sahel’s securitisation and stabilisation. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2022, https://finabel.org/the-french-army-as-a-european-leader-the-sahels-securitisation-and-stabilisation/.
• Euronews.com. (2022). La force européenne Takuba prise en étau entre la France et le Mali. Erişim tarihi : 1.05.2023, https://fr.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/02/03/la-force-europeenne-takuba-prise-en-etau-entre-la-france-et-le-mali.
• Eyes on Europe. EU. (2021). France and the EU in the Sahel. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2022, https://www.eyes-on-europe.eu/france-and-the-eu-in-the-sahel/.
• Fabrice, T. (2014). La Françafrique: La Famille Récomposée. Paris: Editions Syllepse.
• Franceinfo. (2021). ‘Barkhane au Mali : suite à l’enquête de l’ONU, sentiment anti-français exacerbé? Erişim tarihi: 30.03.2021, https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/emploi/metiers/armee-et-securite/barkhane-au-mali-suite-a-l-enquete-de-l-onu-un-sentiment-anti-francais-exacerbe_4353451.html.
• France2. (2016). Mali: Les secrets d’une guerre contre le terrorisme. Erişim tarihi : 2.05.2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0Js9k2ljuo.
• Laurent. B. and Elie, T. (2022). Après Barkhane: repenser la posture stratégique française en Afrique de l’Ouest. Focus stratégique, n° 109, Ifri.
• Garcia. I. (2022). S’allier pour durer : nouvel axiome de la stratégie française au Sahel. Revue de Défense Nationale, 30.
• Ministère des Armées (2021). Discours de Florence Parly, ministre des armées, lors de son audition devant la comission de la défense nationale et des forces armées de l’assemblée nationale. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2022, https://www.defense.gouv.fr/salle-de-presse/discours/discours-de-florence-parly/discours-de-florence-parly-ministre-des-armees-lors-de-son-audition-devant-la-commission-de-la-defense-nationale-et-des-forces-armees-de-l-assemblee-nationale-le-12-janvier-2021.
• Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires Etrangères. (2021). La Coalition pour le Sahel, https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/mali/relations-bilaterales/article/la-coalition-pour-le-sahel. Erişim tarihi : 01.03. 2022.
• Michael S. (2021). Thoughts on France’s failure in Mali. Erişim tarihi: 17.03.2022, https://www.shurbros.com/post/thoughts-on-france-s-failure-in-the-sahel?s=09.
• Patrick, S. (2021). Opération Barkhane: Macron annonce un transformation profonde. Erişim tarihi: 10 June 2021, https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/operation-barkhane-macron-annonce-une-transformation-profonde_fr_60c20762e4b0af343e9cc345.
• Parstoday.com. (2022). France to pull troops from Mali after 10 years of failure. Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2022, https://parstoday.com/en/news/world-i166444-france_to_pull_troops_from_mali_after_10_years_of_failure.
• R. Luckham, Le militarisme français en Afrique. Erişim tarihi : 17.09.2022, http://www.politique-africaine.com/numeros/pdf/006045.pdf.
• Ranconi, G. B. A. (2013). The situation in Mali, UFRGSMUN, 71-97.
• Sénat.fr. (2006). La France et la gestion crises africaines: quels changements possible? Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2022, https://www.senat.fr/rap/r05-450/r05-450.html.
• Sénat.fr. (2014). Projet de loi autorisant la retification du traité de coopération en matière de défense entre la République Française et la République du Mali. Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2021, https://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl14-483.pdf.
• Sénat.fr. (1960). Au nom de la comission des lois constitutionnelles, de législation du suffrage universel, du Règlement et d’Administration générale sur le projet de loi adopté par l’Assemblée Nationale, portant approbation des accords particuliers signés le 22 juin 1960 entre la République Française et la Fédération du Mali. Erişim tarihi : 21.2.2022, https://www.senat.fr/rap/1959-1960/i1959_1960_0260.pdf.
• RFI.fr. (2022). Macron denies that France’s mission in Mali was a failure. Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2022, https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220217-macron-denies-that-france-s-mission-in-mali-was-a-failure. Sybille, De L. (2013). La France amie du Mali ou de ces intérêts. Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2022 https://tariqramadan.com/mali-la-france-serait-elle-trop-complaisante-avec-les-touaregs/.
• Senat.fr. (2022). Politique Africaine de la France. Erişim tarihi : 28.02.2022, https://www.senat.fr/rap/r10-324/r10-3245.html.
• Sénat, (2015). PROJET DE LOI autorisant la ratification du traité de coopération en matière de défense entre la République française et la République du Mali. Erişim tarihi: 1.05.2023, https://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl14-483.html.
• Shuurman, B. and Boeke, S. (2015). Operation Serval: A Strategic Analysis of the French İntervention in Mali. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 14.
• Tony C. and Gordon D. C. (2020). France in the Sahel: A case of the reluctant multilateralist. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2022, https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/135033/1/France%20in%20the%20Sahel.pdf.
• Tellerreport.com. (2022). Why Barkhane failed to stem insecurity in the Sahel. Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2022, https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2022-02-05-why-barkhane-failed-to-stem-insecurity-in-the-sahel.HklAbQNnAt.html.
• TF1 Info.fr. (2022). 14 juillet: qu’est-ce que la "Task force takuba", dont les soldats ouvrent le défilé ?. Erişim tarihi : 1.05.2023, https://www.tf1info.fr/societe/defile-du-14-juillet-2021-video-que-sait-on-de-la-task-force-takuba-forces-speciales-europeennes-au-mali-2191381.html.
• Tobi, Y. (2020). L’européanisation de la présence française au Sahel : Emmanuel Macron veut capitaliser sur le Sommet de Pau. Erişim tarihi : 1.05.2023, https://www.policycenter.ma/opinion/l%E2%80%99europ%C3%A9anisation-de-la-pr%C3%A9sence-fran%C3%A7aise-au-sahel-emmanuel-macron-veut-capitaliser-sur-le?page=5
• Tobias, K. (2012). İntervention française en Afrique: la fin de l’européanisation? Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2019, https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-etrangere-2012-2-page-415.htm.
• Vie Publique.fr. (2014). Déclaration de M. François Hollande, Président de la République, sur la sécurité en Afrique, à Abuja le 27 Février 2014. Erişim tarihi: 24.02.2022, https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/190570-declaration-de-m-francois-hollande-president-de-la-republique-sur-la.
• Vie-publique.fr. (2008). Déclaration de M. Nicolas Sarkozy, Président de la République, sur les relations Franco-sud-africaines et Franco-africaines, le Cap le 28 février 2008. Erişim tarihi : 17.09.2022, https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/169890-declaration-de-m-nicolas-sarkozy-president-de-la-republique-sur-les-r.
• Vincent, E. and Curil B. (2021). L’armée Française aurait bien commis une bavure au Mali, selon un rapport de la Minusma. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2002, https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/03/31/l-armee-francaise-aurait-bien-commis-une-bavure-au-mali-selon-un-rapport-de-la-minusma_6075044_3212.html.
• Voaafrique.com. (2022). Au sahel la guerre tue de plus en plus les civils.Erişim tarihi: 2.5.2023, https://www.voaafrique.com/a/au-sahel-la-guerre-tue-de-plus-en-plus-les-civils/6639360.html.
• Weber, G. (2021). Task Takuba Force au Mali : l’autonomie stratégique européenne en action. Erişim tarihi : 29.04.2023, https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2021/04/17/task-force-takuba-au-mali-lautonomie-strategique-europeenne-en-action/.
• Youssef, T. (2020). L’européanisation de la presence française au Sahel: Emmanuel Macron veut capitaliser sur le Sommet de Pau. Erişim tarihi: 18.09.2022, https://www.policycenter.ma/opinion/l%E2%80%99europ%C3%A9anisation-de-la-pr%C3%A9sence-fran%C3%A7aise-au-sahel-emmanuel-macron-veut-capitaliser-sur-le.