Research Article

Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent

Volume: 12 Number: Özel Sayı November 30, 2025
EN TR

Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent

Abstract

Qawwālī, which took shape in the Indian subcontinent in the 13th century particularly within the circles of the Chishtiyya order, was institutionalized under the leadership of Amir Khusrau (d. 725/1325) through the blending of Persian-Islamic elements with local languages and melodic traditions. Its primary function is to direct listeners toward divine love in samā‘ gatherings, leading them to states of ecstasy (wajd) and annihilation in God (fanā). In this context, qawwālī possesses a poetic structure that begins with praises of God, panegyrics (na‘t) for the Prophet Muḥammad, and narratives of Sufi saints, and then deepens with ghazals dealing with metaphorical love and the quest for divine truth. The Chishtiyya tradition’s close engagement with the public, along with its inclusive mission, has transformed qawwālī into a medium for interfaith dialogue and cultural interaction between Muslims and Hindus. In particular, its discursive similarities with the Bhakti movement have fused it with local mystical understandings. Musically, qawwālī adopts the system of Hindustani classical music and is performed as a collective act accompanied by the harmonium, dholak, rhythmic handclaps, and improvisations, evolving in direct interaction with the audience. Over time, however, qawwālī moved beyond the spiritual framework of shrines and khanqāhs, entering courts, fairs, stages, and the sphere of popular culture. In the 20th century, especially under the leadership of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (d. 1418/1997), it evolved toward secularization, taking a new shape within Indian cinema and the world music scene. This study addresses the historical origins of qawwālī, its functions within the context of the Sufi order, its spiritual role, its linguistic and musical features, and its transformation in the process of secularization. Presenting a comparative framework with international literature, the research highlights qawwālī’s significance for Sufi studies. Furthermore, through an interdisciplinary approach, it reveals qawwālī’s position today as a dynamic cultural heritage that represents the balance between spiritual ecstasy and aesthetic pleasure. The findings obtained through an interdisciplinary approach reliably support, from a methodological perspective, the importance of the qawwālī in Sufi studies and its position within the context of contemporary cultural heritage. The fundamental problem of the study is the extent to which spiritual enthusiasm has been preserved or lost in the process of qawwālī evolving into an aesthetic and popular identity, distancing itself from its Sufi origins.

Keywords

References

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  7. Gaind-Krishnan, Sonia. “Qawwali Routes: Notes on a Sufi Music’s Transformation in Diaspora”. Religions 11/12 (2020), 1-16.
  8. Gevaş, İsmail. Çiştî Tarikatı ile Mevlevî Tarikatı Arasındaki Benzerlikler Bağlamında Kavvâli Dînî Mûsikî Türünün İncelenmesi. Ankara: Ankara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Master’s Thesis, 2019.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Religious Studies (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

November 30, 2025

Submission Date

August 11, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 14, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 12 Number: Özel Sayı

APA
Yalçın, İ. (2025). Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1762306
AMA
1.Yalçın İ. Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2025;12(Özel Sayı):103-122. doi:10.33718/tid.1762306
Chicago
Yalçın, İsa. 2025. “Qawwālī As the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12 (Özel Sayı): 103-22. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1762306.
EndNote
Yalçın İ (November 1, 2025) Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12 Özel Sayı 103–122.
IEEE
[1]İ. Yalçın, “Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent”, Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, vol. 12, no. Özel Sayı, pp. 103–122, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.33718/tid.1762306.
ISNAD
Yalçın, İsa. “Qawwālī As the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12/Özel Sayı (November 1, 2025): 103-122. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1762306.
JAMA
1.Yalçın İ. Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2025;12:103–122.
MLA
Yalçın, İsa. “Qawwālī As the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, vol. 12, no. Özel Sayı, Nov. 2025, pp. 103-22, doi:10.33718/tid.1762306.
Vancouver
1.İsa Yalçın. Qawwālī as the Musical Manifestation of Spiritual Ecstasy: The Case of the Indian Subcontinent. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2025 Nov. 1;12(Özel Sayı):103-22. doi:10.33718/tid.1762306