Publication Ethics and Publication Policy
TİRAD adopts international academic standards in publication ethics and conducts its editorial processes in accordance with the principles of transparency, honesty, and academic integrity. The journal follows the ethical guidelines established by Committee on Publication Ethics and expects all parties to comply with these principles.

1. General Principles of Publication Ethics
1.1. All submissions to the journal must be original. Manuscripts that have been previously published or are under review by another journal are not accepted.
1.2. Each submission undergoes an editorial preliminary review before entering the peer review process. Manuscripts that do not meet the basic publication requirements may be rejected without peer review.
1.3. The following behaviors are considered ethical violations:
Plagiarism
Duplication (redundant publication)
Data fabrication and manipulation
False authorship or denied authorship
Slicing
Copyright infringement
Concealment of conflicts of interest
1.4. Manuscripts involving ethical violations are rejected at any stage of the review process. If an ethical violation is identified after publication, the article will be retracted.

2. Research Ethics
2.1. Scientific integrity, transparency, and quality must be observed in the design, conduct, and reporting of research.
2.2. In studies involving human participants:
• Participants must be clearly informed about the research
• Participation must be voluntary
• Confidentiality must be protected
• Participants’ rights and dignity must be respected
• Risk of harm must be avoided
2.3. Written informed consent is mandatory for experimental studies.
2.4. Research conducted in institutional settings requires permission from the relevant institution.
2.5. Studies involving human participants must have ethics committee approval, and this information must be explicitly stated in the methodology section.
2.6. Copyrighted materials must be used with permission and properly cited.

3. Authorship and Contribution Statement
3.1. All listed authors must have made academic and intellectual contributions to the work.
3.2. Authorship requires meaningful contribution to at least one of the following: conceptualization, research design, data analysis, interpretation, writing, or critical revision of the manuscript.
3.3. The order of authorship is determined by mutual agreement and must be specified in the copyright form.
3.4. All authors must disclose financial support and potential conflicts of interest.
3.5. Authors are obliged to cooperate with the editor if an error is identified after publication.
3.6. Authors are required to declare the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools in their work.

4. Responsibilities of Editors
4.1. Editors evaluate all submissions impartially.
4.2. No discrimination is permitted during the evaluation process.
4.3. Editors protect the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts.
4.4. Conflicts of interest are not allowed.
4.5. The editor-in-chief is responsible for the final publication decision.
4.6. Corrections, retractions, or statements are issued when necessary.

5. Responsibilities of Reviewers
5.1. Reviewers must provide objective and scholarly evaluations.
5.2. Reviewers are required to maintain confidentiality.
5.3. Suspected plagiarism or ethical violations must be reported to the editor.
5.4. Reviewers should not evaluate manuscripts outside their expertise.
5.5. If reviewers cannot complete the review in time, they should decline the invitation.

6. Plagiarism and Similarity Screening
6.1. All manuscripts are automatically screened using similarity detection software through the DergiPark system.
6.2. Manuscripts with a similarity rate above 15% are returned to the author for revision.
6.3. If high similarity persists after revision, the manuscript is rejected.

7. Open Access Policy
7.1. TİRAD is an open-access journal. All content is freely accessible. Readers may read, download, share, and link to the content for non-commercial purposes.
7.2. Journal content is published under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.

8. Fee Policy
8.1. Submission, evaluation, and publication processes are completely free of charge. No fees are requested from authors under any circumstances.

9. Copyright Policy
9.1. Authors retain copyright. The journal obtains only the right to publish. Works are available for non-commercial use under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

10. Peer Review Process
10.1. TİRAD adopts a double-blind peer review system.
10.2. All submissions undergo editorial preliminary evaluation.
10.3. Suitable manuscripts are sent to at least two independent expert reviewers. Pursuant to the journal's publication policy, book and film review articles are subject to a single-referee review process.
10.4. Reviewers do not know the identity of the authors, and authors do not know the identity of the reviewers.
10.5. Reviewer reports are evaluated by the editor, who makes the final decision.
10.6. A third reviewer may be consulted if necessary.
10.7. Revised manuscripts must be resubmitted within the specified timeframe.
10.8. The editor decides on acceptance, rejection, or re-evaluation based on scientific quality.
10.9. The peer review process is based on academic merit, impartiality, and confidentiality.

11. Handling Allegations of Ethical Misconduct
11.1. TİRAD treats allegations of ethical misconduct seriously.
11.2. Suspected misconduct is investigated by the editor, and an explanation may be requested from the author.
11.3. If confirmed, the manuscript is rejected or retracted if already published.
11.4. Relevant institutions may be notified in serious cases.
11.5. All procedures are conducted fairly, transparently, and based on evidence.

12. Correction and Retraction Policy
12.1. Errors identified after publication are corrected through a formal correction notice.
12.2. Articles are retracted when scientific validity is compromised.
12.3. Retracted articles remain in the archive but are clearly marked.
12.4. Correction and retraction decisions are made by the editorial board.
12.5. The aim is to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record and publication reliability.

13. Archiving Policy
13.1. TİRAD commits to the long-term digital preservation of all published content.
13.2. Journal content is securely archived through the DergiPark infrastructure and remains permanently accessible as part of the academic record.

14. Artificial Intelligence Use Policy
14.1. AI tools cannot be listed as authors and cannot claim authorship.
14.2. If AI-assisted production is used, it must be clearly and transparently stated in the methodology section.
14.3. AI tools may not be used to generate sources, fabricate references, or produce fictitious data.
14.4. Authors may use AI tools for language improvement, proofreading, or translation support. Such use is limited to linguistic editing and does not include academic content generation.
14.5. The use of AI tools does not remove author responsibility; all academic, ethical, and legal responsibility remains with the authors.
14.6. The purpose of this policy is to protect academic transparency, reliability, and scientific integrity.

15. Data Availability
15.1. Authors should make research data accessible whenever possible.
15.2. Data sharing must comply with ethical and legal restrictions.
15.3. If data cannot be shared, the reason must be stated.
15.4. This policy promotes research transparency.

16. Conflict of Interest Statement
16.1. Authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose financial or personal relationships that could influence the research outcomes.
16.2. Undisclosed conflicts of interest are considered ethical violations.